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Table 2 Combined multiple logistic regression model including socio-demographic and behavioral variables for association with seroprevalent HSV-2 and syphilis in men.

From: Population-based seroprevalence of HSV-2 and syphilis in Andhra Pradesh state of India

Factor

N (% of Total)

HSV-2*

  

Syphilis †

  
  

N (% HSV-2)

Odds of having HSV-2 with univariate analysis (95% CI)

Adjusted odds of having HSV-2 with multiple logistic regression (95% CI)

N (% Syphilis)

Odds of having syphilis with univariate analysis (95% CI)

Adjusted odds of having syphilis with multiple logistic regression (95% CI)

Men (N = 6,235) ‡

       

Sociodemographics

       

Age (years)

       

   15-19

1175 (18.8)

30 (2.6)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

6 (0.5)

1.00 (ref)

 

   20-24

1086 (17.4)

42 (3.9)

1.54 (0.95-2.47)

1.07 (0.62-1.84)

14 (1.3)

2.54 (0.97-6.65)

 

   25-29

972 (15.6)

56 (5.8)

2.33 (1.49-3.67)

1.36 (0.77-2.40)

28 (2.9)

5.78 (2.38-14.01)

 

   30-34

833 (13.4)

53 (6.4)

2.59 (1.64-4.10)

1.13 (0.62-2.06)

24 (2.9)

5.78 (2.35-14.20)

 

   35-39

842 (13.5)

70 (8.3)

3.46 (2.23-5.36)

1.74 (0.97-3.11)

25 (3.0)

5.96 (2.43-14.60)

 

   40-44

628 (10.1)

43 (6.8)

2.81 (1.74-4.52)

1.56 (0.84-2.88)

19 (3.0

6.08 (2.42-15.30)

 

   45-49

699 (11.2)

69 (9.9)

4.18 (2.69-6.49)

2.60 (1.46-4.62) §

18 (2.6)

5.15 (2.03-13.04)

 

Standard of Living Index ¶

       

   0-16

1564 (25.1)

107 (6.8)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

51 (3.3)

1.00 (ref)

 

   17-22

1593 (25.5)

100 (6.3)

0.91 (0.69-1.21)

0.95 (0.69-1.29)

34 (2.1)

0.65 (0.42-1.0)

 

   23-29

1529 (24.5)

89 (5.8)

0.84 (0.63-1.13)

0.95 (0.68-1.33)

23 (1.5)

0.45 (0.28-0.75)

 

   30-54

1548 (24.8)

67 (4.3)

0.62 (0.45-0.84)

0.64 (0.43-0.95) §

26 (1.7)

0.51 (0.31-0.82)

 

Education

       

   None

1573 (25.2)

103 (6.5)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

47 (3.0)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Class 1-10

3180 (51.0)

203 (6.4)

0.97 (0.76-1.24)

1.12 (0.85-1.49)

73 (2.3)

0.76 (0.53-1.11)

 

   Class 11-12

518 (8.3)

24 (4.6)

0.69 (0.44-1.09)

1.18 (0.71-1.97)

3 (0.6)

0.19 (0.06-0.61)

 

   More than Class 12

960 (15.4)

33 (3.4)

0.51 (0.34-0.76)

0.82 (0.50-1.33)

11 (1.1)

0.38 (0.19-0.73)

 

Occupation

       

   Other than categories below

4897 (78.5)

253 (5.2)

1.00 (ref)

 

86 (1.8)

 

1.00 (ref)

   Transport Related

438 (7.0)

39 (8.9)

1.79 (1.26-2.55)

 

24 (5.5)

3.24 (2.04-5.16)

2.18 (1.30-3.65)

   Field Related

822 (13.2)

62 (7.5)

1.50 (1.12-2.0)

 

23 (2.8)

1.61 (1.01-2.57)

1.32 (0.81-2.17)

   Begging/Sex Work

18 (0.3)

5 (27.8)

7.06 (2.50-19.96)

 

0 (0)

Model does not converge

Model does not converge

   Unemployed

60 (1.0)

4 (6.7)

1.31 (0.47-3.64)

 

1 (1.7)

0.95 (0.13-6.9)

0.74 (0.09-5.77)

Caste

       

   Forward

2,323 (37.3)

115 (5.0)

1.00 (ref)

 

36 (1.5)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Backward

1,532 (24.6)

98 (6.4)

1.31 (0.99-1.73)

 

47 (3.1)

2.01 (1.30-3.12)

1.66 (1.02-2.71) §

   Scheduled

1285 (20.6)

80 (6.2)

1.27 (0.95-1.71)

 

27 (2.1)

1.36 (0.82-2.26)

1.01 (0.57-1.79)

   Scheduled Tribe

219 (3.5)

8 (3.7)

0.73 (0.35-1.51)

 

3 (1.4)

0.88 (0.27-2.89)

0.61 (0.18-2.13)

   None

876 (14.0)

62 (7.1)

1.46 (1.06-2.01)

 

21 (2.4)

1.56 (0.91-2.69)

1.43 (0.79-2.59)

Place of Residence

       

   Rural

3139 (50.3)

120 (3.8)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

55 (1.8)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Urban

3,096 (49.7)

243 (7.8)

2.14 (1.71-2.68)

2.21 (1.71-2.86) ||

79 (2.6)

1.47 (1.04-2.08)

 

Health and Hygiene

       

History of Tattoo

       

   No

5747 (92.2)

301 (5.2)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

110 (1.9)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Yes

483 (7.8)

62 (12.8)

2.66 (1.99-3.56)

1.66 (1.18-2.33) §

24 (5.0)

2.68 (1.71-4.21)

 

History of Transfusion

       

   No

6073 (97.5)

343 (5.6)

1.00 (ref)

 

130 (2.1)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Yes

156 (2.5)

20 (12.8)

1.58 (1.20-2.07)

 

4 (2.6)

1.20 (0.44-3.30)

 

Circumcision

       

   Uncircumcised

5156 (83.6)

278 (5.4)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

107 (2.1)

  

   Circumcised

1011 (16.4)

80 (7.9)

1.51 (1.16-1.95)

1.37 (1.03-1.82) §

25 (2.5)

1.20 (0.77-1.86)

 

Toilet Facility at Home

       

   Own Flush

1547 (24.8)

83 (5.4)

1.00 (ref)

 

21 (1.4)

1.00 (ref)

 

   Share Flush/Own Pit Toilet

1848 (29.6)

129 (7.0)

1.26 (1.01-1.57)

 

42 (2.3)

2.82 (1.34-5.90)

 

   Share Pit Toilet

307 (4.9)

17 (5.5)

0.90 (0.60-1.34)

 

11 (3.6)

1.85 (0.57-6.05)

 

   None

2491 (40.0)

126 (5.1)

0.66 (0.52-0.83)

 

60 (2.4)

2.62 (1.27-5.43)

 

Chew or Smoke Tobacco

       

   Never

2722 (43.7)

111 (4.1)

1.00 (ref)

 

28 (1.0)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   Previous

369 (5.9)

33 (8.9)

2.31 (1.54-3.46)

 

9 (2.4)

2.41 (1.13-5.14)

1.47 (0.65-3.34)

   Current

3137 (50.3)

219 (7.0)

1.77 (1.40-2.23)

 

97 (3.1)

3.07 (2.01-4.69)

2.07 (1.26-3.41) §

Sexual Risk

       

Lifetime Female Sex Partners

       

   0

1386 (22.5)

35 (2.5)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

5 (0.4)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

   1

1671 (27.1)

73 (4.4)

1.62 (1.10-2.40)

1.23 (0.72-2.09)

33 (2.0)

4.19 (1.85-9.50)

2.96 (1.00-8.81)

   2-3

1549 (25.1)

92 (5.9)

2.24 (1.54-3.28)

1.52 (0.89-2.61)

36 (2.3)

4.95 (2.19-11.15)

2.93 (0.97-8.83)

   4-7

881 (14.1)

71 (8.8)

3.44 (2.31-5.12)

2.14 (1.22-3.76) §

32 (4.0)

8.60 (3.78-19.59)

4.50 (1.47-13.81) §

   >7

672 (10.9)

87 (11.6)

4.68 (3.18-6.88)

2.44 (1.39-4.29) §

26 (3.5)

7.49 (3.23-17.33)

2.74 (0.86-8.73)

Sex with Men

       

   Never

6029 (97.9)

338 (5.6)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

127 (2.1)

1.00 (ref)

 

   > 6 months ago

85 (1.4)

9 (10.6)

1.99 (0.99-4.01)

1.27 (0.57-2.82)

2 (2.4)

1.12 (0.27-4.60)

 

   Within last 6 months

47 (0.8)

11 (23.4)

5.14 (2.60-10.20)

2.95 (1.27-6.82) §

3 (6.4)

3.17 (0.97-10.34)

 

HIV/STI Serostatus

       

HIV 1/2

130 (2.1)

66 (51.6)

20.17 (14.03-28.99)

14.16 (9.37-21.40) ||

29 (22.3)

16.41 (10.40-25.88)

8.70 (4.99-15.18) ||

HSV-2

363 (5.8)

-

  

33 (9.1)

5.71 (3.80-8.60)

2.35 (1.42-3.90) ||

Syphilis

134 (2.2)

33 (24.6)

5.71 (3.80-8.60)

2.08 (1.25-3.46) §

-

  
  1. *Variables included in final HSV-2 model: tatoo, circumcision, lifetime female sex partners, sex with men, HIV 1/2 serostatus, syphilis serostatus, age, SLI, education, place of residence.
  2. †Variables included in final syphilis model: chew or smoke tobacco, lifetime female sex partners, HIV 1/2 serostatus, HSV-2 serostatus, occupation, caste.
  3. ‡Data missing: 5 for tatoo, 6 for transfusion, 68 for circumcision, 7 for tobacco, 76 for female sex partners, 74 for sex with men, 1 for SLI, 4 for education and 265 for time away from home
  4. Reflects number who responded to all items in table; the total for sub-categories may not add up to 12,617 due to some missing data.
  5. § p < 0.05 in final model
  6. || p < 0.001 in final model
  7. ¶Based on living conditions and assets, which was adapted from an index used previously by the National Health and Family Life Survey in India.[14]
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