Characteristics | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Number of participants (% of total) | UATH (site %) | ADH (site %) | UBTH (site %) | p-value§ |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.31 |
Female | 400 (63.7%) | 128 (59.8%) | 110 (67.1%) | 162 (64.8%) | Â |
Male | 228 (36.3%) | 86 (40.2%) | 54 (32.9%) | 88 (35.2%) | Â |
Age at HAART Initiation (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Median (Inter-quartile range) | 35 (30 – 41) | 34 (29 – 41) | 34 (29 – 38) | 36 (30 – 45) | 0.001 |
< 30 | 190 (30.3%) | 70 (32.7%) | 55 (33.5%) | 65 (26%) | Â |
31 to 40 | 271 (43.1%) | 89 (41.6%) | 84 (51.2%) | 98 (39.2%) | Â |
41 to 50 | 120 (19.1%) | 43 (20.1%) | 20 (12.2%) | 57 (22.8%) | Â |
>51 | 47 (7.5%) | 12 (5.6%) | 5 (3.1%) | 30 (12%) | Â |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Single | 146 (23.2%) | 43 (20.1%) | 47 (28.7%) | 56 (22.4%) | Â |
Married / Cohabiting | 359 (57.2%) | 136 (63.6%) | 88 (53.7%) | 135 (54%) | Â |
Separated | 45 (7.2%) | 5 (2.3%) | 9 (5.5%) | 31 (12.4%) | Â |
Divorced / Widowed | 78 (12.4%) | 30 (14%) | 20 (12.2%) | 28 (11.2%) | Â |
Currently married | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.07 |
Yes | 359 (57.2%) | 136 (63.6%) | 88 (53.7%) | 135 (54%) | Â |
No | 269 (42.8%) | 78 (36.4%) | 76 (46.3%) | 115 (46%) | Â |
Residential Distance (in kilometers) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Median (inter-quartile range) | 25 (10 – 80) | 46.5 (20 – 90) | 23 (15 – 30) | 10 (5 – 130) |  |
< 50 | 402 (64%) | 109 (50.9%) | 133 (81.1%) | 160 (64%) | Â |
51 to100 | 80 (12.7%) | 54 (25.2%) | 16 (9.8%) | 10 (4%) | Â |
101 to 200 | 120 (19.1%) | 44 (20.6%) | 6 (3.7%) | 70 (28%) | Â |
>200 | 26 (4.1%) | 7 (3.3%) | 9 (5.5%) | 10 (4%) | Â |
HIV disclosure | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.34 |
Yes | 595 (94.7%) | 204 (95.3%) | 158 (96.3%) | 233 (93.2%) | Â |
No | 33 (5.3%) | 10 (4.7%) | 6 (3.7%) | 17 (6.8%) | Â |
Tuberculosis History | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Yes | 90 (14.3%) | 18 (8.4%) | 37 (22.6%) | 35 (14%) | Â |
No | 538 (85.7%) | 196 (91.6%) | 127 (77.4%) | 215 (86%) | Â |
Baseline CD4 cell count (n = 613) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Median (inter-quartile range) | 142 (85 – 223) | 117 (72 – 175) | 187 (111 – 266) | 150 (88 – 241) |  |
< 50 | 88 (14.4%) | 42 (19.8%) | 15 (9.3%) | 31 (13%) | Â |
50 and < 200 | 336 (54.8%) | 143 (67.5%) | 74 (45.7%) | 119 (49.8%) | Â |
200 and <350 | 155 (25.3%) | 19 (9%) | 54 (33.3%) | 82 (34.3%) | Â |
350 and < 500 | 24 (3.9%) | 4 (1.9%) | 16 (9.9%) | 4 (1.7%) | Â |
>=500 | 10 (1.6%) | 4 (1.9%) | 3 (1.9%) | 3 (1.3%) | Â |
Baseline Hemoglobin (g/dl) (n = 546) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Median (inter-quartile range) | 10.9 (9.3 – 12.4) | 10.5 (8.8 – 11.9) | 12.1 (10.8 – 13.9) | 10.3 (8.9 – 11.6) |  |
> =10 | 354 (64.9%) | 107 (60.1%) | 131 (84%) | 116 (54.7%) | Â |
>=8 and <10 (Grade 1 anemia) | 141 (25.8%) | 57 (32%) | 17 (10.9%) | 67 (31.6%) | Â |
>=7 and <8 (Grade 2 anemia) | 33 (6.0%) | 7 (3.9%) | 7 (4.5%) | 19 (9%) | Â |
>=6.5 and <7 (Grade 3 anemia) | 7 (1.3%) | 3 (1.7%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (1.9%) | Â |
< 6.5 (Grade 4 anemia) | 11 (2.0%) | 4 (2.3%) | 1 (0.6%) | 6 (2.8%) | Â |
Baseline anemia (Hemoglobin < 10 g/dl) (n = 546) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 192 (35.2%) | 71 (39.9%) | 25 (16%) | 96 (45.3%) | Â |
No | 354 (64.8%) | 107 (60.1%) | 131 (84%) | 116 (54.7%) | Â |
Antiretroviral drug regimen at baseline | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
ZDV / 3TC / NVP or EFV | 257 (40.9%) | 58 (27.1%) | 76 (46.3%) | 123 (49.2%) | Â |
D4T / 3TC / NVP or EFV | 50 (8.0%) | 15 (7%) | 10 (6.1%) | 25 (10%) | Â |
TDF / 3TC of FTC / NVP or EFV | 321 (51.1%) | 141 (65.9%) | 78 (47.6%) | 102 (40.8%) | Â |
Baseline Functionality | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Working (70-100%) | Â | 170 (81.3%) | 71 (44.7%) | 238 (96.8%) | Â |
Ambulatory (50-70%) | 479 (78%) | 38 (18.2%) | 78 (49.1%) | 7 (2.8%) | Â |
Bedridden (<50%) | 123 (20%) | 1 (%) | 10 (6.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | Â |
 | 12 (2%) |  |  |  |  |
Reason for ART eligibility | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
CD4 cell count < 200 | Â | 188 (90.4%) | 91 (56.5%) | 159 (67.1%) | 0.001 |
CD4 cell count < 350 and WHO Stage 3 | 438 (72.2%) | 14 (6.7%) | 55 (34.2%) | 75 (31.7%) | Â |
WHO Stage 4 | 144 (23.8%) | 1 (0.5%) | 14 (8.7%) | 3 (1.3%) | Â |
Other (PMTCT plus, etc.) | 18 (3%) | 5 (2.4%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | Â |
 | 6 (1%) |  |  |  |  |
Drug adherence by pharmacy refill record calculated over 12 months | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
>= 95% | 576 (91.7%) | 202 (94.4%) | 137 (83.5%) | 237 (94.8%) | Â |
< 95% | 52 (8.3%) | 12 (5.6%) | 27 (16.5%) | 13 (5.2%) | Â |
Drug adherence by self-report at 12 months | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.08 |
>= 95% | 544 (86.6%) | 193 (90.2%) | 135 (82.3%) | 216 (86.4%) | Â |
< 95% | 84 (13.4%) | 21 (9.8%) | 29 (17.7%) | 34 (13.6%) | Â |
Virologic suppression (<400 copies) (n = 591) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Yes | 453 (76.7%) | 167 (78.4%) | 94 (71.2%) | 192 (78%) | Â |
No | 138 (23.3%) | 46 (21.6%) | 38 (28.8%) | 54 (22%) | Â |
Immunologic recovery (CD4 cell change >=50) (n = 596) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
Yes | 461 (77.4%) | 178 (84.4%) | 110 (74.3%) | 173 (73%) | Â |
No | 135 (22.6%) | 33 (15.6%) | 38 (25.7%) | 64 (27%) | Â |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Employed | 524 (83.4%) | 183 (85.5%) | 116 (70.7%) | 225 (90%) | Â |
Unemployed | 99 (15.8%) | 27 (12.6%) | 48 (29.3%) | 24 (9.6%) | Â |
Retired | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | Â |
Student | 4 (0.6%) | 3 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | Â |
Highest educational achievement | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
No formal education | 301 (47.9%) | 92 (43%) | 80 (48.8%) | 129 (51.6%) | Â |
Primary education | 136 (21.7%) | 54 (25.2%) | 22 (13.4%) | 60 (24%) | Â |
Secondary education | 34 (5.4%) | 14 (6.5%) | 17 (10.4%) | 3 (1.2%) | Â |
Post-secondary / Tertiary / Advanced Education (M.Sc., Ph.D.) | 157(25%) | 54 (25.3%) | 45 (27.4%) | 58 (23.2%) | Â |
Socio-economic class | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Class 1 | 23 (3.7%) | 13 (6.1%) | 2 (1.2%) | 8 (3.2%) | Â |
Class 2 | 99 (15.6%) | 27 (12.6%) | 22 (13.4%) | 50 (20%) | Â |
Class 3 | 276 (44%) | 79 (36.9%) | 63 (38.4%) | 134 (53.6%) | Â |
Class 4 | 207 (33%) | 88 (41.1%) | 66 (40.3%) | 53 (21.2%) | Â |
Class 5 | 23 (3.7%) | 7 (3.3%) | 11 (6.7%) | 5 (2%) | Â |
Current smoker | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.65 |
Yes | 11 (1.8%) | 5 (2.3%) | 3 (1.8%) | 3 (1.2%) | Â |
No | 617 (98.2%) | 209 (97.7%) | 161 (98.2%) | 247 (98.8%) | Â |
Current drug user | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.24 |
Yes | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | Â |
No | 627 (99.8%) | 214 (100%) | 163 (99.4%) | 250 (100%) | Â |
Current alcohol user | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Yes | 53 (8.4%) | 2 (0.9%) | 29 (17.7%) | 22 (8.8% | Â |
No | 575 (91.6%) | 212 (99.1%) | 135 (82.3%) | 228 (91.2%) | Â |
Current herbal drug user | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.03 |
Yes | 20 (3.2%) | 3 (1.4%) | 10 (6.1%) | 7 (2.8%) | Â |
No | 608 (96.8%) | 211 (98.6%) | 154 (93.9%) | 243 (7.2%) | Â |