Characteristics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ALL | Immunologic failure | Unadjusted | p-value | Adjusted | p-value |
 | (n = 596) | (n = 135) | OR (95% CI) |  | OR (95% CI) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Female | 377 | 84 (62%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Male | 219 | 51 (38%) | 1.06 (0.71-1.57) | 0.78 | 1.46 (1.04-2.45) | 0.04 |
Age at HAART Initiation (years) | ||||||
< 30 | 178 | 42 (31%) | 1.55 (1.01-2.37) | 0.04 | 1.50 (1.11-2.39) | 0.03 |
>30 | 357 | 93 (69%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Currently married | ||||||
Yes | 336 | 76 (56%) | 0.99 (0.68-1.47) | 0.98 | Â | Â |
No | 260 | 59 (44%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Residential Distance (in kilometers) | ||||||
< 50 | 376 | 92 (68%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
51 to100 | 78 | 19 (14%) | 0.99 (0.56-1.75) | 0.98 | 1.19 (0.64-2.33) | 0.79 |
>100 | 142 | 24 (18%) | 0.63 (0.38-1.03) | 0.07 | 0.68 (0.40-1.21) | 0.32 |
HIV disclosure | ||||||
Yes | 564 | 129 (22.9%) | 0.78 (0.31-1.93) | 0.59 | Â | Â |
No | 32 | 6 (18.8%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Tuberculosis History | ||||||
Yes | 85 | 14 (29.6%) | 0.64 (0.35-1.17) | 0.14 | 0.66 (0.40-1.36) | 0.27 |
No | 511 | 121 (70.4%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Baseline anemia (Hemoglobin < 10 g/dl) (n = 546) | ||||||
Yes | 186 | 40 (20.4%) | 1.26 (0.83-1.92) | 0.27 | 1.05 (0.65-1.61) | 0.75 |
No | 410 | 95 (23.7%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
Antiretroviral drug regimen at baseline | ||||||
ZDV / 3TC / NVP or EFV | 242 | 58 (43%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
D4T / 3TC / NVP or EFV | 47 | 13 (9.6%) | 1.21(0.59-2.45) | 0.59 | 1.61 (0.69-3.53) | 0.29 |
TDT / 3TC or FTC / NVP or EFV | 307 | 64 (47.4%) | 0.84 (0.56-1.25) | 0.38 | 1.14 (0.77-1.53) | 0.83 |
Drug adherence by pharmacy refill record | ||||||
>= 95% | 549 | 122 (90.4%) | Ref | Â | Ref | Â |
< 95% | 47 | 13 (9.6%) | 1.34 (0.68-2.61) | 0.39 | 1.42 (0.71-2.86) | 0.28 |
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 496 | 110 (81.5%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Unemployed | 95 | 25 (18.5%) | 1.25 (0.76-2.07) | 0.38 | Â | Â |
Retired | 1 | 0 (0%) | Omitted | Omitted | Â | Â |
Student | 4 | 0 (0%) | Omitted | Omitted | Â | Â |
Highest educational achievement | ||||||
No formal education | 288 | 64 (47.4%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Primary education | 134 | 28 (20.7%) | 0.92 (0.56-1.53) | 0.76 | Â | Â |
Secondary education | 32 | 10 (7.4%) | 1.59 (0.72-3.53) | 0.25 | Â | Â |
Post-secondary / Tertiary / Advanced education (M.Sc., Ph.D.) | 142 | 33 (24.4%) | 1.09 (0.67-1.76) | 0.73 | Â | Â |
Socio-economic class | ||||||
Class 1 | 22 | 4 (3%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Class 2 | 91 | 17 (12.6%) | 1.03 (0.31-3.45) | 0.96 | Â | Â |
Class 3 | 262 | 68 (50.4%) | 1.58 (0.52-4.82) | 0.42 | Â | Â |
Class 4 | 199 | 42 (31%) | 1.20 (0.39-3.75) | 0.75 | Â | Â |
Class 5 | 22 | 4 (3%) | 1.00 (0.22-4.63) | 1.00 | Â | Â |
Current smoker | ||||||
Yes | 11 | 4 (97%) | 1.98 (0.57-6.87) | 0.28 | Â | Â |
No | 585 | 131 (3%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Current drug user | ||||||
Yes | 0 | 0(0%) | Omitted | Omitted | Â | Â |
No | 596 | 135 (100%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Current alcohol user | ||||||
Yes | 50 | 8 (6%) | 0.63 (0.29-1.37) | 0.24 | Â | Â |
No | 546 | 127 (94%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |
Current herbal drug user | ||||||
Yes | 17 | 6 (4%) | 1.90 (0.69-5.24) | 0.21 | Â | Â |
No | 579 | 129 (96%) | Ref | Â | Â | Â |