Total (n= 970) | 18-49 Years (n= 215) | 50-64 Years (n= 320) | 65-74 Years (n= 266) | ≥75 Years (n= 169) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean±SD | 60.9±15.0 | 38.8±7.9 | 58.2±4.1 | 69.3±2.7 | 81.0±4.4 | < 0.01 |
Risk group, no. (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
High risk | 264 (27.2) | 38 (17.7) | 112 (35.0) | 86 (32.3) | 28 (16.6) | |
Moderate risk | 423 (43.6) | 91 (42.3) | 147 (45.9) | 108 (40.6) | 77 (45.5) | |
Low risk | 283 (29.2) | 86 (40.0) | 61 (19.1) | 72 (27.1) | 64 (37.9) | |
Sex (male), no. (%) | 673 (69.4) | 139 (64.7)a | 237 (74.1)b | 191 (71.8)b | 106 (62.7)a | 0.02 |
ECOG performance status grade 4, no. (%) | 89 (9.2) | 10 (4.7)a | 19 (5.9)a | 27 (10.2)b | 33 (19.5)c | < 0.01 |
Heavy alcoholic, no. (%)* | 99 (10.2) | 32 (14.9)a | 46 (14.4)a | 14 (5.3)b | 7 (4.1)b | < 0.01 |
Current smoker, no. (%) | 171 (17.6) | 46 (21.4)a | 60 (18.8)a | 48 (18.0)a | 17 (10.1)b | 0.03 |
Comorbid condition, no. (%) | 630 (64.9) | 95 (44.2)a | 235 (73.4)b | 188 (70.7)b | 112 (66.3)b | < 0.01 |
Splenic dysfunction | 8 (0.8) | 4 (1.9) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0.14 |
Multiple myeloma | 38 (3.9) | 2 (0.9)a | 23 (7.2)b | 10 (3.8)b | 3 (1.8)ab | < 0.01 |
Other hematologic malignancy | 26 (2.7) | 7 (3.3)a | 8 (2.5)b | 8 (3.0)b | 3 (1.8)a | 0.81 |
Chemotherapy | 163 (16.8) | 18 (8.4) | 74 (23.1) | 55 (20.7) | 16 (9.5) | < 0.01 |
Solid organ/stem cell transplantation | 6 (0.6) | 3 (1.4) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.29 |
Long-term steroid therapy | 11 (1.1) | 4 (1.9) | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (1.2) | 0.69 |
Chronic renal failure | 54 (5.6) | 9 (4.2) | 20 (6.3) | 17 (6.4) | 8 (4.7) | 0.65 |
Nephrotic syndrome | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.62 |
HIV infection | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0.45 |
Diabetes mellitus | 206 (21.2) | 23 (10.7)a | 78 (24.4)b | 60 (22.6)b | 45 (26.6)b | < 0.01 |
Chronic liver disease | 133 (13.7) | 31 (14.4)a | 71 (22.2)b | 23 (8.6)c | 8 (4.7)c | < 0.01 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 81 (8.4) | 4 (1.9)a | 23 (7.2)b | 25 (9.4)b | 29 (17.2)c | < 0.01 |
Chronic cardiovascular disease | 76 (7.8) | 9 (4.2)a | 17 (5.3)a | 22 (8.3)a | 28 (16.6)b | < 0.01 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 58 (6.0) | 9 (4.2)a | 12 (3.8)a | 23 (8.6)b | 14 (8.3)ab | 0.03 |
Neurodegenerative disease | 14 (1.4) | 0 (0)a | 2 (0.6)a | 5 (1.9)ab | 7 (4.1)b | < 0.01 |
Neuromuscular disease | 9 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (1.8) | 0.37 |
Clinical presentation, no. (%) | ||||||
Primary bacteremia | 190 (19.6) | 40 (18.6)ab | 75 (23.4)a | 55 (20.7)a | 20 (11.8)b | 0.02 |
Bacteremic pneumonia | 538 (55.5) | 102 (47.4)a | 160 (50.0)a | 150 (56.4)a | 126 (74.6)b | < 0.01 |
Empyema | 49 (5.1) | 4 (1.9)a | 14 (4.4)a | 25 (9.4)b | 6 (3.6)a | < 0.01 |
Meningitis | 84 (8.7) | 35 (16.3)a | 21 (6.6)b | 20 (7.5)b | 8 (4.7)b | < 0.01 |
Peritonitis | 74 (7.6) | 23 (10.7)a | 33 (10.3)a | 13 (4.9)b | 5 (3.0)b | < 0.01 |
Septic arthritis | 13 (1.3) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (1.6) | 3 (1.1) | 4 (2.4) | 0.42 |
Infective endocarditis | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.62 |
Time from symptom onset to admission (days), mean±SD | 3.5±8.5 | 4.0±9.0 | 2.8±4.7 | 4.1±12.5 | 2.9±4.6 | 0.22 |
Recurrent infection, no. (%) | 8 (0.8) | 2 (0.9) | 5 (1.6) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0.24 |
Site of acquisition of infection, no. (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
Community | 794 (81.9) | 191 (88.8) | 265 (82.8) | 215 (80.8) | 123 (72.8) | |
Long-term care facility | 42 (4.3) | 4 (1.9) | 7 (2.2) | 7 (2.6) | 24 (14.2) | |
Tertiary referral hospital | 134 (13.8) | 20 (9.3) | 48 (15.0) | 44 (16.6) | 22 (13.0) | |
Proportion of IPD (cases/1,000 hospitalized patients) | 0.36 | 0.21a | 0.39b | 0.49c | 0.69d | < 0.01 |
Case fatality rate, no. (%)† | 281/909 (30.9) | 38/207 (18.4)a | 83/309 (26.9)a | 86/243 (35.4)b | 74/150 (49.3)c | < 0.01 |
Direct medical costs per case‡ | 0.11 | |||||
Mean (95% CI) | US $7,452 | US $6,223 | US $8,191 | US $7,910 | US $6,956 | |
(6,816-8,088) | (5,218-7,229) | (6,963-9420) | (6,645-9,175) | (5,351-8,561) | ||
Median (IQR) | US $4,772 | US $4,092 | US $5,095 | US $5,320 | US $4,439 | |
(2,378-8,698) | (2,364-7,844) | (2,898-9,018) | (2,796-10,590) | (1,844-8,136) |