The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a systematic review and data synthesis

Mohamoud, Yousra A; Mumtaz, Ghina R; Riome, Suzanne; Miller, DeWolfe; Abu-Raddad, Laith J

doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-288

BMC Infectious Diseases

Table 2 Studies reporting hepatitis C virus prevalence among the general population in Egypt

From: The epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Egypt: a systematic review and data synthesis

Citation	Year	Location	Sampling	Population characteristic	Sample size	Sero-prevalence	RNA prevalence
Outpatient clinic attendees
Khalifa,93 [18]	1990-1	Cairo city, Cairo	CS	Children	84	0.0%	N/A
El-Nanawy,95 [19]	N/A	Alexandria city, Alexandria	CS	Children	110	11.8%	N/A
Miras,02 [20]	N/A	Tanta, Gharbia, Lower Egypt	CS	In/out-patient children living in HCV endemic region	105	0.0%	N/A
El-Raziky,07 [21]	2004	Cairo city, Cairo	CS	Children 1–9 yrs old	1,042	1.4%	0.5%
Kandil,07 [22]	2004-6	Cairo city, Cairo	CS	Healthy children	20	5.0%	N/A
Antenatal clinic attendees
Hassan,93 [23]	N/A	N/A	CS		1,536	4.3%	N/A
Agha,98 [24]	1996-7	Mansoura, Dakahlia, Lower Egypt	CS		767	13.7%	23.7%
Kassem,00 [25]	1996	Alexandria city, Alexandria	CS		100	19.0%	14.0%
Stoszek,05 [26]	1997-03	3 rural villages in Nile River Delta, Lower Egypt	CS		2,587	15.8%	10.8%
Zahran,10 [27]	2008-9	Assuit, Upper Egypt	CS		500	8.0%	7.4%
Abdulqawi,10 [28]	2003-8	Benha, Qalubiya, Lower Egypt	CS		1,224	8.6%	6.8%
Abo Elmagd,11 [29]	N/A	N/A	CS	20-40 year old mothers	61	13.0%	N/A
Blood donors
Kamel,92 [30]	1992	Cairo city, Cairo	CS	Male university students, 20–27 years	2,164	9.7%	N/A
El-Zayadi,92 [31]	N/A	N/A	CS		76	5.2%	N/A
Darwish,92 [32]	N/A	N/A	CS		90	14.4%	N/A
Darwish,93 [33]	1992	Cairo city, Cairo	CS		163	13.6%	N/A
El-Ahmady,94 [10]	N/A	N/A	CS	Paid blood donors	99	35.4%	N/A
Quinti,95 [34]	1992-4	Alexandria city, Alexandria	CS		283	20.8%	N/A
Bassily,95 [35]	N/A	Cairo city, Cairo	CS		188	26.6%	N/A
El Gohary,95 [36]	1990-2	Suez city, Suez and Ismailia, Lower Egypt	CS		1,187	14.5%	N/A
Attia,96 [37]	N/A	Cairo city, Cairo	CS		156	21.8%	N/A
Arthur,97 [38]	1993	24 Governorates	CS		2,644	24.8%	N/A
El-Zayadi,97 [39]	N/A	N/A	CS		180	9.4%	N/A
Gad,01 [40]	1998	Ismailia, Lower Egypt	CS		20	20.0%	N/A
Tanaka,04 [41]	1999	13 governorates, Upper and Lower Egypt	CS		3,608	8.8%	6.2%
Hashish,05 [42]	N/A	Alexandria city, Alexandria	CS		95	23.2%	N/A
El-Gilany,06 [43]	2002-3	Mansoura, Dakahlia, Lower Egypt	CS	Student voluntary blood donors	2,157	2.7%	N/A
Agha,06 [44]	N/A	N/A	CS		2,400	8.0%	N/A
El Damaty,07 [45]	2001	Cairo city, Cairo	CS		2,845	7.6%	N/A
El-Zayadi,08 [46]	2005	26 governorates	Random	All blood donors	760	5.0%	N/A
El-Zayadi,08 [46]	2005	26 governorates		Female blood donors	124	6.5%	N/A
El-Zayadi,08 [46]	2005	26 governorates		Male blood donors	636	4.7%	N/A
Ismail,09 [47]	2000-7	Mansoura, Dakahlia, Lower Egypt	CS		55,922	12.0%	N/A
Ashour,09 [48]	2006-8	8 governorates	CS		515,758	4.8%	N/A
Elkareh,09 [11]	2008	Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS	Family replacement blood donors	4,709	12.7%	N/A
Elkareh,09 [11]	2008	Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS	Blood donors	3,569	6.3%	N/A
Elkareh,09 [11]	2008	Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS	Family replacement blood donors	8,705	14.6%	N/A
Elkareh,09 [11]	2008	Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS	Blood donors	414	8.7%	N/A
Rushdy,09 [13]	2006-7	Suez Canal area	CS	All blood donors	9,150	5.6%	N/A
Rushdy,09 [13]	2006-7	Suez Canal area		Male blood donors	7,155	2.9%	N/A
Rushdy,09 [13]	2006-7	Suez Canal area		Female blood donors	1,995	1.7%	N/A
Eita,09 [12]	2005-8	Dakhilia, Lower Egypt	CS	Voluntary blood donors	73,431	4.6%	N/A
Eita,09 [12]	2005-8	Dakhilia, Lower Egypt	CS	Family blood donors	113,504	5.5%	N/A
Khattab,10 [36]	2000-8	Minya, Lower Egypt	CS		211,772	9.0%	N/A
Radwan,10 [49]	2009	N/A	CS		27,537	4.0%	N/A
Wasfi,11 [50]	2007-8	Alexandria city, Alexandria	CS		3,420	3.5%	N/A
Awadalla,11 [51]	N/A	Cairo city, Cairo	CS		1,000	16.8%	N/A
Farawela,12 [52]	2010-1	Cairo city, Cairo	CS		100	5%	N/A
Rural village residents
Abdel-Wahab,94 [53]	1992	Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS		270	18.1%	N/A
Kamel,94 [54]	1992	Sada, Kafr El Sheikh, Lower Egypt	All village residents		1,259	15.9%	N/A
El Gohary,95 [36]	1990-2	Suez Canal area	CS	Healthy blood volunteers resident to rural area with high schistosomiasis	271	14.4%	N/A
El Gohary,95 [36]	1990-2	North Sinai, frontier	CS	Bedouin population with low schistosomiasis	148	15.5%	N/A
Darwish,95 [55]	N/A	N/A	CS	Healthy villagers and non-professional blood donors	188	21.8%	N/A
Darwish,96 [56]	1994	Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents:1–3 years	12	0.0%	N/A
Darwish,96 [56]	1994	Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents: 4–9 years	21	0.0%	N/A
Darwish,96 [56]	1994	Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents: 10–19 years	46	8.0%	N/A
Darwish,96 [56]	1994	Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents: 20–39 years	29	20.0%	N/A
Darwish,96 [56]	1994	Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents: 40–67 years old	47	51.0%	N/A
El-Sayed,97 [57]	1993-4	Sinai, frontier	CS	Immigrants to a newly reclaimed area endemic for schistosomiasis	506	10.3%	N/A
Nafeh,00 [58]	N/A	Assuit, Upper Egypt	CS	Village residents ≥ 5 years of age (overall)	6,031	8.7%	5.4%
Nafeh,00 [58]	N/A	Assuit, Upper Egypt	CS	Village residents ≤30 years	4,164	3.6%	2.0%
Nafeh,00 [58]	N/A	Assuit, Upper Egypt	CS	Village residents >30 years	1,867	20.0%	12.9%
Abdel-Aziz,00 [59]	1997	Aghour El Soughra, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents ≥5 years old (overall)	3,999	24.3%	14.8%
Abdel-Aziz,00 [59]	1997	Aghour El Soughra, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents: ≤20 years	2,105	9.3%	N/A
Abdel-Aziz,00 [59]	1997	Aghour El Soughra, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents >20 years	1,894	41.0%	N/A
Darwish,01 [60]	1994-5	Kalama, Qaluobyia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents >10 years of age	796	40.0%	N/A
El-Sadawy,04 [61]	N/A	Sharkia, Lower Egypt	CS		842	27.4%	7.4%
Arafa,05 [62]	2002-3	Zawiat Razin, Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS		4,020	11.8%	N/A
Arafa,05 [62]	2002-3	Zawiat Razin, Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents: under 20 years old	1,759	2.8%	N/A
Arafa,05 [62]	2002-3	Zawiat Razin, Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents: 20 and over years old	2,252	18.9%	N/A
Mohamed,06 [63]	2002	Zawiat Razin, Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents 18–65 years of age	2,425	18.5%	N/A
Eassa,07 [64]	2006-7	Zagazig district, Sharkia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village households	304	10.9%	N/A
Aguilar,08 [65]	N/A	Fakkous and 8 surrounding villages	CS	Village residents: males	78	51.3%	38.5%
Aguilar,08 [65]	N/A	Fakkous and 8 surrounding villages, Sharkia, Lower Egypt	CS	Village residents: females	81	42.0%	29.6%
Children
Abdel-Wahab,94 [53]	1992	Menoufia, Lower Egypt	CS	Rural male primary school children	190	12.1%	N/A
El-Sherbini,03 [66]	1994	N/A	CS	Village school children 6–15 years old	294	5.8%	2.4%
Mohamed,06 [67]	1997	Nile River Delta, Lower Egypt	CS	Village children 5–18 years old	1,823	8.2%	N/A
Mohamed,06 [67]	1997	Assuit, Upper Egypt	CS	Village children 5–18 years old	2,808	2.5%	N/A
El Sherbini,07 [68]	2002	Tanta, Gharbia, Lower Egypt	CS	School children	470	2.1%	0.8%
Barakat,11 [69]	2005	Alexandria city, Alexandria	PBS	School children	500	5.8%	4.4%
Healthy individuals
El-Sayed,96 [70]	1994	South Sinai, frontier	CS	Tourism workers	740	14.3%	N/A
Mohamed,96 [71]	N/A	N/A	CS	Egyptians applying for work abroad	5,071	31.5%	N/A
Mohamed,96 [71]	N/A	N/A	CS	Egyptians applying for work abroad: Females	N/A	13.2%	N/A
Mohamed,96 [71]	N/A	N/A	CS	Egyptians applying for work abroad: Males	N/A	34.0%	N/A
Gohar,95 [72]	N/A	N/A	CS		15	13.3%	N/A
Halim,99 [73]	1996	Cairo city, Cairo	CS	Healthy staff of the university	50	6.0%	N/A
Hassan,01 [74]	1995-6	Cairo city, Cairo	CS	Healthy individuals visiting hospitalized friends	35	42.9%	N/A
Strickland,02 [75]	N/A	Nile River Delta, Lower Egypt	CS		212	46.7%	36.3%
El-sayed,06 [76]	2002	Cairo city, Cairo	CS		36	8.3%	2.8%
El Bassuoni,08 [77]	N/A	N/A	CS		10	30.0%	N/A
Salama,09 [78]	N/A	N/A	CS		20	5.0%	N/A
Army recruits/Fire brigade personnel
Farghaly,93 [79]	N/A	N/A	CS	Army recruits	726	33.0%	N/A
Abdel-Wahab,94 [53]	1992	Lower Egypt	CS	Army recruits	300	22.1%	N/A
Quinti,95 [34]	1992-4	Alexandria city, Alexandria	CS	Fire brigade personnel	541	39.0%	N/A
Other general populations
El-Ahmady,94 [10]	N/A	Cairo city, Cairo	CS		292	24.3%	N/A
El-Sadawy,04 [61]	N/A	Sharkia, Lower Egypt	PBS		1,422	25.8%	7.7%
El-Sadawy,04 [61]	N/A	Sharkia, Lower Egypt	PBS	General population in urban areas	580	23.4%	N/A
El-Sadawy,04 [61]	N/A	Sharkia, Lower Egypt	PBS	General population: <20 years	414	4.8%	N/A
El-Sadawy,04 [61]	N/A	Sharkia, Lower Egypt	PBS	General population: 20 – 30 years	163	14.1%	N/A
El-Sadawy,04 [61]	N/A	Sharkia, Lower Egypt	PBS	General population: 30 – 40 years	253	30.0%	N/A
El-Sadawy,04 [61]	N/A	Sharkia, Lower Egypt	PBS	General population: >40 years	592	41.9%	N/A
Mohamed,04 [80]	1996-7	10 governorates	PBS	General population	7,357	13.5%	N/A
El Zanaty,09 [1]	2008	Nationwide	PBS		11,126	14.7%	9.8%

CS convenience sampling, PBS probability-based sampling, N/A not available.

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