Skip to main content

Table 4 Association of socio-demographic and behavioural variables with acquiring HIV among men during the follow-up period using multiple logistic regression

From: HIV incidence from the first population-based cohort study in India

Variablea

Category

Number (% of total)

Number (%) who acquired HIV

Adjusted oddsbof acquiring HIV (95% CI)

Adjusted oddscof acquiring HIV (95% CI)

Socio-demographic

     

Age (years)

20-29

1272 (31.1)

6 (0.47)

1.0

 

30-39

1200 (29.4)

5 (0.42)

1.0 (0.3–4.0)

 

40-49

983 (24.1)

7 (0.71)

1.6 (0.4–5.9)

 

50-55

631 (15.4)

5 (0.79)

2.3 (0.6–9.4)

 

Education

Schooling

3078 (76.2)

15 (0.49)

1.0

 

No Schooling

960 (23.8)

8 (0.83)

1.1 (0.4–2.9)

 

Marital status

Never married

511 (12.7)

3 (0.59)

1.0

 

Currently married/Cohabiting

3448 (85.4)

16 (0.46)

0.5 (0.1–2.1)

 

Previously married

78 (1.9)

4 (5.13)

3.2 (0.5–21.1)

 

Standard of living indexd

Quartile IV

1051 (25.8)

2 (0.19)

1.0

1.0

Quartile III

1051 (25.8)

4 (0.38)

2.0 (0.4–11.2)

1.7 (0.3–10.9)

Quartile II

1046 (25.6)

5 (0.48)

2.5 (0.5–13.5)

2.2 (0.4–13.5)

Quartile I

930 (22.8)

12 (1.29)

5.9 (1.2–29.5)

4.5 (0.9–23.5)

Place of residence at baseline

Rural

2244 (54.9)

14 (0.62)

1.0

 

Urban

1842 (45.1)

9 (0.49)

1.1 (0.4–2.9)

 

Residence relocation

Rural to urban

75 (1.8)

2 (2.7)

3.9 (0.7–20.5)

 
 

All others

4011 (98.2)

21 (0.5)

1.0

 

Occupation

Other than the categories below

3170 (78.5)

15 (0.47)

1.0

1.0

Transport related

355 (8.8)

5 (1.41)

3.0 (1.0–8.3)

3.1 (1.0–9.7)

Unskilled labour

512 (12.7)

3 (0.59)

1.0 (0.3–3.7)

0.9 (0.2–3.6)

Behavioural

     

Spouse HIV status at baseline

HIV –ve

2810 (68.8)

7 (0.25)

1.0

1.0

HIV + ve

17 (0.4)

6 (35.29)

411.9 (84.0–2019.6)

266.5 (62.5–1136.7)

Never married at baseline

1089 (26.7)

5 (0.46)

1.5 (0.4–6.1)

1.3 (0.3–5.0)

Spouse HIV status not available at baseline

170 (4.2)

5 (2.94)

9.5 (2.6–34.5)

7.4 (2.0–26.8)

Circumcision

Yes

744 (18.6)

1 (0.13)

1.0

1.0

No

3265 (81.4)

22 (0.67)

13.4 (1.0–181.4)

13.8 (1.2–153.5)

Women sex partner

Never had sex or only one lifetime women partner, never visited sex worker

2301 (60.8)

6 (0.26)

1.0

1.0

More than one lifetime women partner or visited sex worker

1483 (39.2)

16 (1.08)

3.2 (1.0–10.1)

3.8 (1.3–11.5)

Used condom for sex in last 6 months

Not used/Do not remember

3143 (82.7)

14 (0.45)

1.0

1.0

Never had sex/No sex in last 6 months

563 (14.8)

4 (0.71)

2.6 (0.7–10.1)

2.3 (0.6–8.7)

Half of the time/rarely

34 (0.9)

1 (2.94)

4.0 (0.4–41.1)

3.5 (0.3–36.6)

Often/always

60 (1.6)

3 (5.00)

17.8 (3.7–85.9)

14.5 (3.2–65.4)

Have sex after consumption of alcohol

Never had sex/Do not drink alcohol

1620 (42.7)

4 (0.25)

1.0

 

Usually

217 (5.7)

2 (0.92)

1.5 (0.1–15.0)

 

Some time

904 (23.8)

8 (0.88)

3.0 (0.7–13.6)

 

Never

1057 (27.8)

8 (0.76)

1.8 (0.4–7.7)

 

Had blood transfusion

Never

3901 (97.3)

21 (0.54)

1.0

 

Ever

109 (2.7)

2 (1.83)

5.0 (0.9–27.9)

 

Had tattooing

No

3633 (90.6)

20 (0.55)

1.0

 

Yes

376 (9.4)

3 (0.80)

0.9 (0.2–3.8)

 

Smoking or chewing tobacco

Never

1612 (40.1)

3 (0.19)

1.0

 

Ever

2404 (59.9)

20 (0.83)

4.0 (0.8–20.5)

 

Injections received in the last 12 months

No

1713 (42.7)

7 (0.41)

1.0

 

Yes

2301 (57.3)

16 (0.70)

1.4 (0.5–3.8)

 

Travel outside place of residence

Never

299 (7.4)

1 (0.33)

1.0

 

Daily

1144 (28.4)

9 (0.79)

2.4 (0.3–22.6)

 

Weekly

748 (18.6)

2 (0.27)

0.6 (0–8.3)

 

Monthly

749 (18.6)

6 (0.80)

2.2 (0.2–22.2)

 

Once in a while

1085 (27.0)

5. (0.46)

1.6 (0.2–16.6)

 

HIV testing

No

2840 (72.5)

15 (0.53)

1.0

 
 

Yes

1077 (27.5)

8 (0.74)

1.1 (0.4–3.0)

 
  1. aAll variables based on status as at follow-up, except rural or urban residence and spouse HIV status. Total number of men in the socio-demographic only model was 4,030, in the behavioural only model was 3,757, and the combined model was 3,773 because of missing data for these variables: marital status for 49, education status for 48, occupation status for 49, Standard of living index for 8, sex with women for 302, Used condom for sex in last 6 months for 286, have sex after consumption of alcohol for 288, circumcision for 77, had tattooing for 77, had blood transfusion for 76, smoking or chewing tobacco for 70, HIV testing other than ANC for 169, injections received in the last 12 months for 72, travel outside place of residence for 61.
  2. bAdjusted odds based on separate multiple logistic regression models for socio-demographic variables and for behavioural variables.
  3. cAdjusted odds based on a single multiple logistic regression model that included socio-demographic and behavioural variables that were significant in the separate models.
  4. dStandard of living index based on living conditions and ownership of assets, as used in National Family Health Survey-2 [27]; quartiles defined according to the baseline study distribution [18].