Meta-analysis to compare the accuracy of GeneXpert, MODS and the WHO 2007 algorithm for diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis

Table 1 Key characteristics of the meta-analyzed reports (n = 24)

Test	Author, (Year)	Ref	Country	Study HIV rate	Specimen type	Screen test	TP	FP	FN	TN
GeneXpert	Helb, 2010	[24]	Vietnam	1	Sputum frozen	Unclear	38	0	15	25
	Malbruny, 2011	[25]	France	3.4	Various	FM	6	0	0	73
	Bowles, 2011	[26]	Netherlands	NR	Sputum	ZN	21	0	4	23
	Moure, 2011	[27]	Spain	NR	Sputum frozen	FM + ZN	61	0	17	20
	Marlowe, 2011	[28]	USA	NR	Sputum sediment	Unclear	43	0	12	47
	Theron, 2011	[29]	S. Africa	27	Sputum	FM	22	19	25	319
	Rachow, 2011	[30]	Tanzania	59.9	Sputum frozen	ZN	11	1	7	102
	Scott, 2011	[31]	S. Africa	70*	Sputum sediment	FM	11	3	7	104
	Lawn, 2011	[32]	S. Africa	100	Sputum	FM	23	2	30	320
	Ioannidis, 2011	[33]	Greece	NR	Sputum	Unclear	29	2	3	32
	Miller, 2011	[34]	USA	NR	Sputum frozen	FM	3	2	2	58
	Teo, 2011	[35]	Singapore	NR	Various	ZN	13	2	6	42
	Nicol, 2011	[36]	S. Africa	24	Sputum-induced	FM	25	0	18	166
	Rachow, 2012	[37]	Tanzania	51.2	Sputum	ZN	14	0	7	22
	Safianowska, 2012	[38]	Poland	NR	Various	ZN	4	0	4	181
	Total						324	31	157	1534
MODS	Arias, 2007	[39]	Brazil / Honduras	12*	Various	ZN	75	28	8	469
	Mashta, 2011	[40]	India	NR	Sputum	ZN	17	45	27	146
	Shah, 2011	[41]	S. Africa	87	Sputum	Unclear	36	13	14	407
	Ha DT, 2010	[42]	Vietnam	100	Sputum	ZN	40	0	15	67
	Chaiyasirinroje, 2012	[43]	Thailand	NR	Sputum	Unclear	13	1	4	37
	Total						181	87	68	1126
WHO 2007 algorithm	Wilson, 2011	[44]	S. Africa	57*	Sputum-induced	FM	47	91	12	71
	Swai, 2011	[45]	Tanzania	68.1	Sputum	ZN	66	107	61	179
	Koole, 2012	[46]	Cambodia	26.5	Sputum	FM	20	70	14	270
	Alamo, 2012. ^{Rural site}	[8]	Uganda	100	Sputum	ZN	18	2	1	1
	Alamo, 2012. ^{Urban site}	[8]	Uganda	100	Sputum	ZN	9	13	1	10
	Total						160	283	89	531

Specimen type various included = bronchial aspirate, bronchial alveolar lavage.
ZN = Ziehl-Nielsen microscopy stain method.
FM = Fluorescent microscopy stain method.
TP = True positive (Individuals have disease and have positive test).
FP = False positive (Individuals do not have disease, but have positive test).
FN = False negative (Individuals have disease, but have negative test).
TN = True negative (Individuals do not have disease and have negative test).
NR = Not reported.
* = The rate reported was based on a denominator that included patients with undocumented HIV result.

ISSN: 1471-2334