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Table 2 Microbiology grouped by HCAP, HAP, and VAP a

From: A comparison of microbiology and demographics among patients with healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia: a retrospective analysis of 1184 patients from a large, international study

Microbiology

HCAP

HAP

VAP

(n = 199)

(n = 379)

(n = 606)

 

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

Gram-positive pathogens

117 (58.8)

226 (59.6)

441 (72.8)

 MRSA

82 (41.2)

125 (33.0)

259 (42.7)

 MSSA

12 (6.0)

51 (13.5)

107 (17.7)

 Pneumococcus

4 (2.0)

10 (2.6)

15 (2.5)

 Other Streptococcus spp.

7 (3.5)

15 (4.0)

18 (3.0)

Gram-negative pathogens

53 (26.6)

113 (29.8)

222 (36.6)

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

22 (11.1)

28 (7.4)

57 (9.4)

 Acinetobacter spp.

8 (4.0)

16 (4.2)

44 (7.3)

 Haemophilus spp.

6 (3.0)

5 (1.3)

23 (3.8)

 Moraxella catarrhalis

4 (2.0)

1 (0.3)

2 (0.3)

 Klebsiella spp.

5 (2.5)

32 (8.4)

41 (6.8)

 Escherichia coli

10 (5.0)

19 (5.0)

17 (2.8)

 Enterobacter spp.

3 (1.5)

15 (4.0)

31 (5.1)

 Proteus mirabilis

1 (0.5)

8 (2.1)

13 (2.1)

 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

0 (0)

2 (0.5)

13 (2.1)

Polymicrobial

111 (55.8)

191 (50.4)

387 (63.9)

Culture negative

50 (25.1)

101 (26.6)

79 (13.0)

Bacteremia

28 (14.1)

49 (12.9)

103 (17.0)

  1. HAP, Hospital-acquired pneumonia; HCAP, Healthcare-associated pneumonia; MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA, Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus; VAP, Ventilator-associated pneumonia.
  2. aMost commonly isolated pathogens reported (at least 2% in HCAP, HAP, or VAP).