Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort*
Characteristics | All episodes | LS-NVE | LS-PVE | RS-IE | CIED-IE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of IE episodes | 1456 (100) | 967 (66.4) | 339 (23.3) | 89 (6.1) | 61 (4.2) |
Age (y) | 65 (50 to 64) | 64 (48 to 74) | 70 (61 to 76) | 48 (35 to 67) | 67 (55 to 77) |
Male | 1018 (70) | 688 (71) | 221 (65) | 61 (69) | 48 (79) |
Comorbidity and predisposing conditions | |||||
Native valve disease | 372 (26) | 299 (31) | 60 (18) | 7 (8) | 6 (10) |
Diabetes mellitus | 268 (18) | 164 (17) | 79 (23) | 10 (11) | 15 (25) |
Chronic liver disease | 262 (18) | 169 (18) | 49 (15) | 38 (43) | 6 (10) |
Cancer | 175 (12) | 131 (14) | 28 (8) | 10 (11) | 6 (10) |
Chronic intravenous access | 154 (11) | 102 (11) | 34 (10) | 11 (12) | 7 (12) |
Current intravenous drug abuse | 131 (9) | 81 (8) | 14 (4) | 34 (38) | 2 (3) |
Previous IE | 118 (8) | 48 (5) | 59 (17) | 7 (8) | 4 (7) |
Congenital heart disease | 112 (8) | 85 (9) | 16 (5) | 6 (7) | 5 (8) |
Immunosuppressive therapy | 86 (6) | 70 (7) | 11 (3) | 2 (2) | 3 (5) |
HIV infection | 52 (4) | 36 (4) | 4 (1) | 10 (11) | 2 (3) |
Hemodialysis | 29 (2) | 21 (2) | 4 (1) | 2 (2) | 2 (3) |
Microbiology | |||||
Staphylococcus aureus | 283 (19) | 181 (19) | 53 (16) | 35 (39) | 14 (23) |
Viridans group streptococci | 217 (15) | 172 (18) | 29 (9) | 8 (9) | 8 (13) |
Enterococcus species | 182 (13) | 117 (12) | 53 (16) | 8 (9) | 4 (7) |
Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 147 (10) | 74 (8) | 55 (16) | 4 (5) | 14 (23) |
Streptococcus bovis | 142 (10) | 105 (11) | 29 (9) | 7 (8) | 1 (2) |
Other streptococci | 59 (4) | 46 (5) | 7 (2) | 3 (3) | 3 (5) |
Other microorganisms | 61 (4) | 36 (4) | 20 (6) | 2 (2) | 3 (5) |
Polymicrobial | 51 (4) | 34 (4) | 10 (3) | 4 (5) | 3 (5) |
Fungi | 20 (1) | 12 (1) | 8 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
HACEK | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) |
Microbiology negative | 291 (20) | 190 (20) | 73 (22) | 17 (19) | 11 (18) |