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Table 2 Univariate analysis comparing risk factors among rotavirus AGE cases and controls, western Kenya, 2010-11

From: A sham case-control study of effectiveness of DTP-Hib-hepatitis B vaccine against rotavirus acute gastroenteritis in Kenya

Variablea

Cases (N = 91)

Community controls (N = 271)

Hospital non-AGE controls (N = 203)

Hospital non-rotavirus AGE controls (N = 252)

 

n (%)

n (%)

Univariate P value

Multivariate OR (95% CI)

n (%)

Univariate P values

Multivariate OR (95% CI)

n (%)

Univariate P values

Multivariate OR (95% CI)

Male

53 (58)

136 (50)

0.26

 

102 (50)

0.34

 

135 (54)

0.44

 

Age in monthsb

          

3–5

31 (34)

67 (25)

 

Matched

47 (23)

 

Matched

60 (24)

ref

 

6–11

36 (40)

120 (44)

92 (45)

 

96 (38)

0.28

12–17

16 (18)

47 (17)

47 (23)

 

58 (23)

0.08

19-23

8 (9)

37 (14)

17 (8)

 

38 (15)

0.05

Mother ≤ primary education

66 (74)

222 (82)

0.10

 

161 (80)

0.16

 

204 (82)

0.14

 

Father ≤ primary educationc

39 (43)

174 (64)

<0.01

0.32 (0.16 – 0.68)

102 (50)

0.02

0.30 (0.13 – 0.70)

147 (58)

<0.01

0.44 (0.25 – 0.80)

Mother currently married

68 (76)

229 (85)

0.08

0.15 (0.04 – 0.66)

167 (83)

0.08

0.30 (0.10 – 0.87)

210 (83)

0.15

0.31 (0.14 – 0.66)

≤ 30 minutes to health facilityc

48 (53)

127 (47)

0.53

 

102 (50)

0.17

 

115 (46)

0.29

 

SES quintile

          

Poorest

17 (20)

80 (30)

<0.001

1

41 (21)

ref

1

45 (18)

ref

 

Poorer

6 (7)

58 (22)

0.75 (0.24 – 2.34)

34 (17)

0.15

0.17 (0.04 – 0.76)

53 (21)

0.02

Poor

12 (14)

56 (21)

0.96 (0.36 – 2.56)

32 (16)

0.62

0.54 (0.17 – 1.78)

47 (19)

0.36

Less poor

34 (40)

48 (18)

2.54 (1.11 – 5.85)

54 (27)

0.38

1.27 (0.46 – 3.50)

65 (27)

0.36

Least poor

17 (20)

25 (9)

2.00 (0.75 – 5.35)

38 (19)

0.91

0.56 (0.16 – 1.97)

34 (11)

0.50

HIV positive

3 (3)

5 (2)

0.01

 

7 (3)

ref

 

15 (6)

Ref

 

HIV negative

64 (70)

231 (85)

160 (79)

0.54

164 (65)

0.30

HIV unknown

24 (26)

35 (13)

36 (18)

0.45

73 (29)

0.46

Born prematurelyc

2 (2)

11 (2)

0.60

 

25 (12)

0.03

0.13 (0.02 – 0.83)

36 (14)

0.01

 

Source of water

          

Tap

9 (10)

13 (5)

0.03

 

17 (8)

ref

 

7 (3)

ref

1

Unprotected spring

33 (32)

80 (30)

76 (37)

0.43

84 (33)

0.03

0.23 (0.07 – 0.75)

River/stream

38 (42)

118 (44)

73 (36)

0.34

114 (45)

0.01

0.21 (0.07 – 0.66)

Other sources

11 (12)

58 (22)

37 (18)

0.16

47 (19)

0.01

0.13 (0.03 – 0.47)

Ever used ORS before

70 (80)

183 (69)

0.03

 

133 (67)

0.03

3.12 (1.27 – 7.64)

203 (82)

0.88

 

Does not attend daycare

84 (92)

219 (82)

0.01

4.14 (1.41 – 12.15)

192 (95)

0.83

 

224 (89)

0.36

 

Season

          

Jan-Mar

54 (59)

164 (61)

 

Matched

130 (64)

 

Matched

95 (38)

ref

1

Apr-Jun

20 (22)

55 (20)

42 (21)

101 (40)

<0.01

0.27 (0.14 – 0.52)

Jul-Sep

10 (11)

31 (11)

12 (6)

29 (12)

0.22

0.63 (0.27 – 1.46)

Oct-Dec

7 (7)

20 (7)

19 (9)

27 (11)

0.09

0.39 (0.15 – 1.05)

Underweight

          

Normal

77 (84)

212 (78)

0.15

 

154 (76)

ref

1

181 (72)

ref

 

Moderate

10 (11)

37 (14)

18 (9)

0.72

0.57 (0.17 – 1.93)

29 (12)

0.59

Severe

4 (4)

22 (8)

31 (15)

0.01

0.10 (0.02 – 0.60)

42 (17)

0.01

Stunting

          

Normal

64 (70)

119 (44)

<0.01

1

128 (63)

ref

 

160 (63)

ref

 

Moderate

12 (13)

54 (20)

0.60 (0.25 – 1.46)

33 (16)

0.35

41 (16)

0.39

Severe

15 (16)

98 (36)

0.19 (0.08 – 0.48)

42 (21)

0.05

51 (20)

0.35

Wasting

          

Normal

84 (92)

252 (93)

0.91

 

171 (84)

ref

 

194 (77)

ref

 

Moderate

4 (4)

8 (3)

14 (7)

0.34

21 (8)

0.14

Severe

3 (3)

11 (4)

  

18 (9)

0.12

 

37 (14)

0.01

 
  1. aOnly variables that were significantly different between cases and controls, or of particular epidemiologic interest, are listed in tables. The following variables were not significantly associated with case status: maternal age, number of children in household, fare to nearest facility, history of an AGE hospitalization, enrollment in the HDSS, treats drinking water, and mother knows about ORS.
  2. bTwo controls that were < 3 months old and three that were >23 months old, due to range of allowable matching ages were included in the 3–5 and 19–23 age groups respectively.
  3. c> 5% persons with missing or unknown responses included in multivariable analysis as a dummy variable (see methods).