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Table 2 Extrathoracic disease manifestations based on HIV status in children with culture-confirmed tuberculosis

From: Culture-confirmed childhood tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa: a review of 596 cases

Extrathoracic disease manifestation

All children N = 596 (%)

HIV-uninfected N = 281 (%)

HIV-infected N = 133 (%)

HIV unknown N = 182 (%)

Miliary TB

69 (11.6)

44 (15.7)

19 a (14.3)

6 (3.3)

TB meningitis e

89 (14.9)

68 (24.2)

10 (7.5)

11 (6.0)

Miliary TB & TB meningitis b

25 (4.2)

18 (6.4)

6 (4.5)

1 (0.5)

Abdominal TB

43 (7.2)

24 (8.5)

14 (10.5)

5 (2.7)

Lymph node TB c

94 (15.8)

40 (14.2)

13 (9.8)

41 (22.5)

Osteoarticular TB d, f

18 (3.0)

1 (0.2)

5 (3.8)

12 (6.6)

Mastoid & ear TB

9 (1.5)

2 (0.7)

3 (2.3)

4 (2.2)

   Mastoiditis

7

2

1

4

   Chronic otorrhoea

2

0

2

0

Parotid gland

3 (0.5)

0

0

3 (1.6)

Renal TB

1 (0.2)

0

1 (0.8)

0

Skin involvement

8 (1.3)

3 (1.1)

0

5 (2.7)

  1. a: Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis excluded by treatment response
  2. b: Included in miliary TB and TB meningitis above
  3. c: All histologic or culture confirmed. A further 10 children had suspected TB lymph nodes
  4. d: Orthopaedic patients: Spinal TB (6), hip TB (5), skull lesion (3), knee TB (2)
  5. e: HIV-uninfected vs. HIV-infected group: odds ratio 3.93 (95% confidence interval 1.87–8.44)
  6. f: HIV-uninfected vs. HIV-infected group: p = 0.014