Anticipated and current preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated human-to-human H5N1 epidemic in the Hong Kong Chinese general population

Lau, Joseph TF; Kim, Jean H; Tsui, Hi Yi; Griffiths, Sian

doi:10.1186/1471-2334-7-18

Table 4 Factors associated with anticipated preventive behaviors protecting oneself if 2 to 3 new human-to-human H5N1 cases were to be reported in Hong Kong

From: Anticipated and current preventive behaviors in response to an anticipated human-to-human H5N1 epidemic in the Hong Kong Chinese general population

	Face mask use in public venues			Increased frequency of handwashing			Avoidance of eating poultry
	Row%	ORu	ORm	Row%	ORu	ORm	Row%	ORu	ORm
Background characteristics
Age groups
18 – 34	65.1	1.00	1.00	81.7	1.00	ns	55.9	1.00	ns
35 – 60	78.9	2.00**	2.38***	89.6	1.93*		68.5	1.71**
Marital status
Never married	64.9	1.00	ns	83.0	1.00	ns	55.3	1.00	1.00
Ever married	79.0	2.04**		88.9	*1.64* ^~		68.9	1.79**	2.11***
Employment status
Not employed full-time	65.8	1.00	1.00	86.4	ns	---	61.3	ns	---
Employed full-time	78.9	1.95**	2.07**	86.8			65.5
Perceived modes of transmission of human-to-human H5N1:
Respiratory droplets
No/not certain	62.5	1.00	ns	77.8	1.00	ns	61.1	ns	---
Yes	75.6	1.86*		88.2	2.13*		64.3
Bodily contact
No/not certain	70.0	1.00	ns	86.2	ns	---	61.2	ns	---
Yes	77.8	1.50*		87.2			66.7
Objects contaminated with the virus
No/not certain	72.1	ns	---	82.7	1.00	ns	62.4	ns	---
Yes	74.8			89.2	1.73*		64.7
Eating well-cooked poultry
No/not certain	73.8	ns	---	86.2	ns	---	60.3	1.00	1.00
Yes	73.6			88.0			74.4	1.91**	1.92**
No. of items with "yes" responses in the above 4 items
0 – 2	68.9	1.00	ns	83.8	1.00	ns	60.6	1.00	ns
3 – 4	81.1	1.94**		91.0	1.97*		68.7	*1.42* ^~
Perceived impacts of human-to-human H5N1
Fatality rate
Same as SARS/better than SARS/not certain	67.1	1.00	1.00	83.1	1.00	1.00	60.8	1.00	ns
Worse than SARS	83.7	2.51***	1.86*	92.1	2.37**	1.94*	68.3	*1.39* ^~
Efficacy of treatment
Same as SARS/better than SARS/not certain	71.5	1.00	ns	85.6	1.00	ns	62.8	ns	---
Worse than SARS	89.2	3.31**		93.8	*2.56* ^~		70.8
Perceived chance to have a major human-to-human H5N1 outbreak in Hong Kong
Low/very low chance/not certain	68.5	1.00	1.00	85.2	ns	---	59.9	1.00	1.00
High/very high chance	84.3	2.47***	2.23**	89.8			71.7	1.69*	1.58*
Worry about oneself/family members contracting the virus ^a
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	63.9	1.00	1.00	81.5	1.00	1.00	57.5	1.00	ns
Likely/very likely	82.2	2.61***	2.11**	91.1	2.32**	2.20**	69.3	1.67**
No effective drugs currently available
Disagree/not certain	68.7	1.00	ns	83.5	1.00	ns	62.7	ns	---
Agree	78.7	1.69*		89.8	1.73*		65.0
Perceived susceptibility to H5N1 infection
Oneself or one's family
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	69.3	1.00	ns	86.7	ns	---	62.5	ns	---
Likely/very likely	85.9	2.71***		86.7			67.4
Older people
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	64.0	ns	---	88.0	ns	---	56.0	ns	---
Likely/very likely	74.8			86.5			64.7
Adults
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	68.6	1.00	ns	84.3	ns	---	63.6	ns	---
Likely/very likely	79.3	1.76**		89.3			64.0
Children
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	61.6	1.00	ns	82.2	ns	---	67.1	ns	---
Likely/very likely	75.8	1.95*		87.4			63.3
Health care workers
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	63.8	1.00	ns	84.8	ns	---	64.8	ns	---
Likely/very likely	76.4	1.83*		87.2			63.6
Food sellers
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	68.9	ns	---	81.1	ns	---	45.9	1.00	1.00
Likely/very likely	74.6			87.6			66.9	2.38**	2.63***
Food dealers
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	68.6	1.00	ns	86.0	ns	---	60.5	ns	---
Likely/very likely	76.4	*1.48* ^~		87.0			65.6
The general public
Unlikely/very unlikely/not certain	68.9	1.00	ns	86.2	ns	---	61.7	ns	---
Likely/very likely	83.4	2.28**		87.6			68.0
No. of items with "likely/very likely" responses in the above 8 items
0 – 6	69.0	1.00	1.00	86.2	ns	---	62.3	ns	---
7 – 8	88.1	3.33***	2.54**	88.1			68.3
Perceived efficacy of prevention measures
Quarantine of the infected people
Low/very low/not certain	70.4	ns	---	88.9	ns	---	66.7	ns	---
High/very high	73.9			86.6			63.7
Face mask use in public venues
Low/very low/not certain	37.5	1.00	1.00	68.8	1.00	1.00	47.9	1.00	1.00
High/very high	77.6	5.77***	2.78*	88.6	3.52***	2.21*	65.5	2.06*	1.87*
Frequent handwashing
Low/very low/not certain	68.8	ns	---	50.0	1.00	1.00	71.9	ns	---
High/very high	74.1			89.2	8.24***	7.76***	63.3
Home disinfection
Low/very low/not certain	63.3	1.00	ns	75.5	1.00	ns	63.3	ns	---
High/very high	74.9	*1.73* ^~		87.9	2.35*		63.9
Mass extermination of poultry
Low/very low/not certain	66.9	1.00	ns	78.9	1.00	1.00	56.3	1.00	ns
High/very high	76.5	1.61*		89.8	2.35**	2.12*	66.8	1.56*
No. of items with "high/very high chance" responses in the above 5 items
0 – 3	46.8	1.00	1.00	69.4	1.00	ns	61.3	ns	---
4 – 5	77.6	3.93***	2.75**	89.1	3.62***		64.2

^a Would worry that it is likely/very likely for oneself or one's family members to contract H5N1 (if 2–3 new cases were to be reported in Hong Kong. Gender and education level were not associated with any of the 3 dependent variables and were hence not tabulated.
OR_U = Univariate odds ratio.
OR_m = Odds ratios obtained from multivariate stepwise logistic regression using univariately significant (including marginally significant) variables as candidate variables.
^~ 0.5 < p < 0.1; *p < 0.5; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
ns = not significant.
--- univariately non-significant and was not considered in the multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis.

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