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Table 4 Univariate analysis of risk factors for intrahospital death among 1632 children* with suspected systemic infection

From: Antimicrobial resistance predicts death in Tanzanian children with bloodstream infections: a prospective cohort study

Risk factor

CFR % (n)

OR

95% CI

P

Overall

17.0 (277/1632)

   

Male sex

15.5 (143/920)

0.79

0.61 to 1.03

0.084

Neonate (< 1 m)

14.8 (70/473)

0.80

0.59 to 1.07

0.146

Underlying conditions

    

Malnutrition

29.3 (71/242)

2.37

1.73 to 3.25

< 0.001

HIV infection (laboratory confirmed)

31.7 (46/145)

2.40

1.60 to 3.59

< 0.001

Other infectious underlying conditions

30.6 (33/108)

2.29

1.48 to 3.52

< 0.001

- Tuberculosis

30.5 (29/95)

2.26

1.43 to 3.58

0.001

- Hepatitis

44.4 (4/9)

3.92

1.04 to 14.67

0.052

- Congenital syphilis

50.0 (1/2)

4.85

0.30 to 77.79

0.313

Other non-infectious underlying conditions

17.1 (20/117)

1.00

0.60 to 1.64

1.000

- Sickle cell disease

3.0 (1/33)

0.15

0.02 to 1.09

0.032

- Neoplasia

60.0 (3/5)

7.32

1.22 to 44.05

0.038

- Congenital heart disease

27.3 (9/33)

1.77

0.82 to 3.83

0.156

Malaria (laboratory confirmed)

20.2 (67/331)

1.29

0.95 to 1.76

0.102

Growth in blood culture of:

    

Any pathogen

34.9 (80/229)

3.29

2.41 to 4.48

< 0.001

Any GNR

43.5 (64/147)

4.60

3.22 to 6.60

< 0.001

Any Enterobacteriaceae

45.6 (52/114)

4.82

3.25 to 7.15

< 0.001

- E. coli

50.0 (15/30)

5.11

2.47 to 10.59

< 0.001

- Klebsiella spp.

48.9 (22/45)

5.00

2.74 to 9.10

< 0.001

- All non-typhoid Salmonellae

36.4 (12/33)

2.88

1.40 to 5.92

0.007

- Salmonella Enteritidis

21.1 (4/19)

1.31

0.43 to 3.97

0.548

- Salmonella Typhimurium

53.9 (7/13)

5.83

1.94 to 17.48

0.003

- Enterobacter spp.

71.4 (5/7)

12.43

2.40 to 64.43

0.002

Any non-Enterobacteriaceae GNR

40.6 (13/32)

3.46

1.69 to 7.10

0.001

- Pseudomonas aeruginosa

66.7 (8/12)

10.04

3.00 to 33.59

< 0.001

- Acinetobacter spp.

9.1 (1/11)

0.49

0.06 to 3.82

0.702

Gram-positive pathogen†

16.7 (11/66)

0.98

0.50 to 1.89

1.000

- Enterococci

19.4 (7/36)

1.19

0.51 to 2.73

0.655

- E. faecium

6.7 (1/15)

0.35

0.05 to 2.65

0.490

- E. faecalis

28.6 (4/14)

1.97

0.61 to 6.33

0.275

- S. aureus

7.1 (2/28)

0.37

0.09 to 1.58

0.208

Candida

33.3 (8/24)

2.49

1.05 to 5.87

0.049

Polymicrobial infection

41.4 (12/29)

3.56

1.68 to 7.55

0.002

Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy due to:

    

- ESBL-producing, multiresistant isolates

71.4 (15/21)

12.87

4.95 to 33.48

< 0.001

- Other bacterial resistance (non-ESBL)

37.8 (17/45)

3.14

1.69 to 5.83

0.001

- Any bacterial resistance (ESBL + other)

47.7 (31/65)

5.01

3.02 to 8.31

< 0.001

- Any antimicrobial resistance (including fungi)

43.8 (39/89)

4.39

2.82 to 6.83

< 0.001

Hospital-acquired infection

35.5 (44/124)

3.01

2.03 to 4.46

< 0.001

Readmission stay

15.2 (14/92)

0.87

0.49 to 1.56

0.775

  1. CFR, case-fatality rate; OR, odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; P, p-value calculated with two-sided Fisher's exact test; GNR, Gram-negative rod; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. *The outcome was known for 1632 among a total of 1828 admissions. † Anaerobes, coagulase-negative staphylococci and bacterial isolates of uncertain pathogenicity were not included. ‡ Blood culture obtained > 2 days after admission.