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Table 1 Association between characteristics of infective endocarditis (IE) and survival (global and in different subgroups) at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after the admission in 243 episodes of IE in 226 patients who survived over 1 year after the initial episode of IE

From: Long-term outcome of infective endocarditis: A study on patients surviving over one year after the initial episode treated in a Finnish teaching hospital during 25 years

 

Number of IE episodes in patients surviving 1 year

Survival (%) at different points of follow-up

p value

  

2 years

5 years

10 years

15 years

20 years

 

Global survival

243

95

82

66

51

45

 

Gender

       

   Male

174

97

83

68

50

45

0.567

   Female

69

91

80

59

51

46

 

Age

       

   18–64 years

172

99

90

76

60

54

< 0.001

   ≥ 65 years

71

87

65

38

25

25

 

Affected valves

       

   Aortic

85

95

85

63

52

46

0.171*

   Mitral valve

77

95

80

58

40

40

 

   Tricuspid valve

12

100

100

100

NA†

NA

 

   Two native valves

17

100

100

91

76

76

 

   Prosthetic valve(s)

52

94

74

67

52

43

 

Causative agents of IE

       

   Staphylococcus aureus

53

98

86

77

57

57

0.183*

   Coagulase-negative staphylococci

22

86

58

41

41

41

 

   Viridans streptococci

50

96

91

77

56

50

 

   Enterococcus faecalis

18

83

83

67

28

28

 

   Streptococcus pneumoniae

5

100

100

53

53

53

 

   Other

22

95

91

66

60

30

 

   Negative

73

99

78

61

46

46

 

Predisposing cardiac condition

       

   Acquired valvular disease

49

90

70

53

41

36

0.019

   Prosthetic valves

55

95

75

66

52

43

 

   Bicuspid aortic valve

26

100

100

94

81

81

 

   Mitral valve prolapse

30

97

93

74

62

62

 

   Congenital heart disease

8

100

100

33

33

NA

 

   No underlying cardiac condition

75

97

83

63

39

39

 

Echocardiogarphic findings

       

   Major criteria

       

Yes

158

96

85

68

53

49

0.089

No

85

95

78

61

46

39

 

   Vegetation

      

0.162

Yes

139

95

85

68

52

49

 

No

104

96

80

62

49

41

 

Underlying conditions

       

   Diabetes

       

Yes

21

95

95

77

58

29

0.307

No

222

95

81

64

49

45

 

   Dialysis

       

Yes

5

60

40

NA

NA

NA

0.018

No

238

96

83

66

51

46

 

   Collagen disease

       

Yes

14

93

68

24

24

24

0.026

No

229

96

83

68

52

46

 

   Malignancy

       

Yes

11

82

62

31

NA

NA

0.004

No

232

96

83

67

53

47

 

Intravenous drug use

       

Yes

19

100

100

NA

NA

NA

0.049

No

224

95

81

64

50

44

 

Alcohol abuse

       

Yes

22

91

67

47

35

NA

0.029

No

221

96

84

68

53

47

 

Heart failure††

      

0.047

Yes

108

93

75

55

46

44

 

No

135

98

89

75

55

46

 

Neurological complications††

       

Yes

60

95

78

66

52

52

0.766

No

183

96

84

65

50

43

 

Peripheral emboli††

       

Yes

69

97

83

60

50

50

0.570

No

174

95

82

67

51

43

 

Early surgery (in-hospital)

       

Yes

67

99

89

82

76

73

< 0.001

No

176

94

80

59

41

34

 

Mode of treatment††

       

   Surgical

72

99

90

82

74

70

< 0.001

   Conservative

171

94

79

59

41

33

 

Indications for in-hospital surgery

       

   Congestive heart failure

35

97

85

72

61

55

0.002*

   Valvular regurgitation without heart failure

18

100

94

94

94

94

 

   Dehiscence of prosthetic valve without heart failure

8

100

88

88

88

88

 

   Repeated emboli

3

100

100

100

100

100

 

   Intractable infection

3

100

100

100

100

100

 

Erythrocyte sedimentation‡,§

       

   ≥ 50 mm/h

75

93

76

55

40

34

0.018

   < 50 mm/h

74

97

89

77

56

53

 

White blood cell count‡,§S

       

   ≥ 10 × 109/l

119

97

83

63

41

41

0.142

   < 10 × 109/l

98

94

82

67

61

53

 

Serum C-reactive protein‡

       

   ≥ 100 mg/l

100

96

83

62

48

48

0.927

   < 100 mg/l

105

94

80

68

51

43

 

Serum creatinine valueদ

      

< 0.001

   ≥ 100 μmol/l

76

95

77

53

27

14

 

   < 100 μmol/l

142

97

87

71

61

59

 
  1. *p values for overall group differences; †NA = non-applicable, the follow-up did not reach the time point for any patient of the group; ††within 3 months of admission; ‡on admission; §data available for 149 episodes; §Sdata available for 217 episodes; ¶data available for 205 episodes; ¶¶ data available for 218 episodes