Number of IE episodes in patients surviving 1 year | Survival (%) at different points of follow-up | p value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 years | 5 years | 10 years | 15 years | 20 years | |||
Global survival | 243 | 95 | 82 | 66 | 51 | 45 | |
Gender | |||||||
Male | 174 | 97 | 83 | 68 | 50 | 45 | 0.567 |
Female | 69 | 91 | 80 | 59 | 51 | 46 | |
Age | |||||||
18–64 years | 172 | 99 | 90 | 76 | 60 | 54 | < 0.001 |
≥ 65 years | 71 | 87 | 65 | 38 | 25 | 25 | |
Affected valves | |||||||
Aortic | 85 | 95 | 85 | 63 | 52 | 46 | 0.171* |
Mitral valve | 77 | 95 | 80 | 58 | 40 | 40 | |
Tricuspid valve | 12 | 100 | 100 | 100 | NA† | NA | |
Two native valves | 17 | 100 | 100 | 91 | 76 | 76 | |
Prosthetic valve(s) | 52 | 94 | 74 | 67 | 52 | 43 | |
Causative agents of IE | |||||||
Staphylococcus aureus | 53 | 98 | 86 | 77 | 57 | 57 | 0.183* |
Coagulase-negative staphylococci | 22 | 86 | 58 | 41 | 41 | 41 | |
Viridans streptococci | 50 | 96 | 91 | 77 | 56 | 50 | |
Enterococcus faecalis | 18 | 83 | 83 | 67 | 28 | 28 | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 5 | 100 | 100 | 53 | 53 | 53 | |
Other | 22 | 95 | 91 | 66 | 60 | 30 | |
Negative | 73 | 99 | 78 | 61 | 46 | 46 | |
Predisposing cardiac condition | |||||||
Acquired valvular disease | 49 | 90 | 70 | 53 | 41 | 36 | 0.019 |
Prosthetic valves | 55 | 95 | 75 | 66 | 52 | 43 | |
Bicuspid aortic valve | 26 | 100 | 100 | 94 | 81 | 81 | |
Mitral valve prolapse | 30 | 97 | 93 | 74 | 62 | 62 | |
Congenital heart disease | 8 | 100 | 100 | 33 | 33 | NA | |
No underlying cardiac condition | 75 | 97 | 83 | 63 | 39 | 39 | |
Echocardiogarphic findings | |||||||
Major criteria | |||||||
Yes | 158 | 96 | 85 | 68 | 53 | 49 | 0.089 |
No | 85 | 95 | 78 | 61 | 46 | 39 | |
Vegetation | 0.162 | ||||||
Yes | 139 | 95 | 85 | 68 | 52 | 49 | |
No | 104 | 96 | 80 | 62 | 49 | 41 | |
Underlying conditions | |||||||
Diabetes | |||||||
Yes | 21 | 95 | 95 | 77 | 58 | 29 | 0.307 |
No | 222 | 95 | 81 | 64 | 49 | 45 | |
Dialysis | |||||||
Yes | 5 | 60 | 40 | NA | NA | NA | 0.018 |
No | 238 | 96 | 83 | 66 | 51 | 46 | |
Collagen disease | |||||||
Yes | 14 | 93 | 68 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 0.026 |
No | 229 | 96 | 83 | 68 | 52 | 46 | |
Malignancy | |||||||
Yes | 11 | 82 | 62 | 31 | NA | NA | 0.004 |
No | 232 | 96 | 83 | 67 | 53 | 47 | |
Intravenous drug use | |||||||
Yes | 19 | 100 | 100 | NA | NA | NA | 0.049 |
No | 224 | 95 | 81 | 64 | 50 | 44 | |
Alcohol abuse | |||||||
Yes | 22 | 91 | 67 | 47 | 35 | NA | 0.029 |
No | 221 | 96 | 84 | 68 | 53 | 47 | |
Heart failure†† | 0.047 | ||||||
Yes | 108 | 93 | 75 | 55 | 46 | 44 | |
No | 135 | 98 | 89 | 75 | 55 | 46 | |
Neurological complications†† | |||||||
Yes | 60 | 95 | 78 | 66 | 52 | 52 | 0.766 |
No | 183 | 96 | 84 | 65 | 50 | 43 | |
Peripheral emboli†† | |||||||
Yes | 69 | 97 | 83 | 60 | 50 | 50 | 0.570 |
No | 174 | 95 | 82 | 67 | 51 | 43 | |
Early surgery (in-hospital) | |||||||
Yes | 67 | 99 | 89 | 82 | 76 | 73 | < 0.001 |
No | 176 | 94 | 80 | 59 | 41 | 34 | |
Mode of treatment†† | |||||||
Surgical | 72 | 99 | 90 | 82 | 74 | 70 | < 0.001 |
Conservative | 171 | 94 | 79 | 59 | 41 | 33 | |
Indications for in-hospital surgery | |||||||
Congestive heart failure | 35 | 97 | 85 | 72 | 61 | 55 | 0.002* |
Valvular regurgitation without heart failure | 18 | 100 | 94 | 94 | 94 | 94 | |
Dehiscence of prosthetic valve without heart failure | 8 | 100 | 88 | 88 | 88 | 88 | |
Repeated emboli | 3 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Intractable infection | 3 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
Erythrocyte sedimentation‡,§ | |||||||
≥ 50 mm/h | 75 | 93 | 76 | 55 | 40 | 34 | 0.018 |
< 50 mm/h | 74 | 97 | 89 | 77 | 56 | 53 | |
White blood cell count‡,§S | |||||||
≥ 10 × 109/l | 119 | 97 | 83 | 63 | 41 | 41 | 0.142 |
< 10 × 109/l | 98 | 94 | 82 | 67 | 61 | 53 | |
Serum C-reactive protein‡,¶ | |||||||
≥ 100 mg/l | 100 | 96 | 83 | 62 | 48 | 48 | 0.927 |
< 100 mg/l | 105 | 94 | 80 | 68 | 51 | 43 | |
Serum creatinine valueদ | < 0.001 | ||||||
≥ 100 μmol/l | 76 | 95 | 77 | 53 | 27 | 14 | |
< 100 μmol/l | 142 | 97 | 87 | 71 | 61 | 59 |