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Table 3 Factors associated with attitudes towards implementation of control measures for reducing risk of avian influenza outbreaks in live poultry markets

From: Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to influenza A(H7N9) risk among live poultry traders in Guangzhou City, China

Independent variables

  

Association with attitudes towards control measures (aOR (95%CI))

N

%

Step 1 (social-demographics)

Step 2 (knowledge)

Step 3 (attitudes)

Sex

     

  Male

139

45.4

ref

ref

ref

  Female

167

54.6

0.60 (0.36, 1.01)

0.66 (0.38, 1.14)

0.65 (0.37, 1.15)

Age (y)

     

  15-24

87

28.4

0.75 (0.40, 1.40)

0.73 (0.38, 1.42)

0.99 (0.48, 2.05)

  35-54

198

64.7

ref

ref

ref

  ≥55

21

6.9

1.29 (0.47, 3.60)

1.40 (0.49, 3.99)

1.03 (0.33, 3.21)

Education

     

  Illiterate

76

24.8

0.69 (0.37, 1.27)

0.90 (0.40, 1.77)

0.95 (0.47, 1.94)

  Primary

155

50.7

ref

ref

ref

  Secondary or above

75

24.5

0.93 (0.49, 1.77)

0.86 (0.43, 1.70)

0.96 (0.46, 2.00)

Income (CY)

     

  <1000

35

11.4

ref

ref

ref

  1000-3000

174

56.9

0.87 (0.40, 1.88)

0.86 (0.38, 1.93)

0.99 (0.41, 2.35)

  >3000

97

31.7

1.80 (0.77, 4.23)

1.94 (0.79, 4.74)

1.92 (0.74, 4. 98)

Area

     

  Urban

182

59.5

ref

ref

ref

  Rural

124

40.5

0.89 (0.53, 1.51)

1.02 (0.58, 1.77)

0.99 (0.54, 1.82)

Years of working activity

     

  < 4

76

24.8

ref

ref

ref

  4-10

154

50.3

0.93 (0.48, 1.80)

0.86 (0.43, 1.74)

0.99 (0.47, 2.09)

  >10

76

24.8

0.52 (0.24, 1.12)

0.60 (0.27, 1.35)

1.08 (0.45, 2.60)

Daily average hours of contact with living poultry

     

  <8

11

3.6

ref

ref

ref

  8-10

163

53.3

1.63 (0.43, 6.19)

0.86 (0.43, 1.74)

1.29 (0.29, 5.70)

  >10

132

43.1

1.40 (0.37, 5.34)

0.60 (0.27, 1.35)

1.50 (0.33, 6.73)

Involved poultry slaughtering

     

  No

39

12.8

ref

ref

ref

  Yes

267

87.5

0.22 (0.08, 0.62) **

0.33 (0.11, 0.96) *

0.45 (0.15, 1.39)

Number of sources to access information on H7N9

     

  1

117

38.2

-

ref

ref

  2-3

145

47.4

-

1.08 (0.60, 1.94)

0.94 (0.50, 1.78)

  4 or above

44

14.4

-

6.42 (1.65, 24.91) **

5.06 (1.21, 21.11) *

With accurate knowledge in

     

  There is no reported H7N9 human cases in Guangdong Province (before June 30, 2013)

240

78.4

-

0.83 (0.40, 1.71)

0.95 (0.45, 2.01)

  Sick or dead birds should be buried or burned

238

77.8

-

1.70 (0.87, 3.32)

1.56 (0.76, 3.18)

  H7N9 is not transmissible from human to human

237

77.5

-

1.22 (0.61, 2.44)

1.19 (0.57, 2.47)

  Fever, cough and sore throat are early symptoms of H7N9 infection

218

71.2

-

1.52 (0.82, 2.83)

1.73 (0.87, 3.43)

  Contacts with bird secretions or feces is a high risk for H7N9 infection

141

46.1

-

1.28 (0.71, 2.32)

1.13 (0.59, 2.15)

  Human H7N9 vaccine is not yet available

134

43.8

-

1.36 (0.77, 2.39)

1.65 (0.90, 3.03)

Perceived severity of H7N9 compared with SARS

     

  Much less/less

178

58.2

-

-

ref

  Almost the same

58

19.0

-

-

2.17 (0.94, 4.99)

  More/much more

70

22.9

-

-

1.62 (0.82, 3.21)

Perceived personal susceptibility to H7N9 infection

     

  Very unlikely/unlikely

191

62.4

-

-

ref

  Neutral

45

14.7

-

-

2.95 (1.14, 7.67) *

  Likely/very likely

70

22.9

-

-

2.54 (1.03, 6.26) *

Agree/strongly agreea in:

     

  Confident in self-protection

229

74.8

-

-

0.50 (0.22, 1.14)

  Transparent and timely dissemination of information

267

87.3

-

-

0.54 (0.21, 1.44)

  Good control over the epidemic by the government

244

79.7

-

-

0.92 (0.39, 2.18)

  Satisfied with the current control measures

230

75.2

-

-

1.85 (0.88, 3.89)

Model summary

     

  G(−2Log likelihood)

  

-367.1

-343.5

-321.8

  p-valueb

   

0.005

0.006

  Cox & Snell R Square

  

0.090

0.158

0.216

  ΔR2

   

0.068

0.058

  1. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to include block of variables sequentially.
  2. aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CY: Chinese Yuan (1 CY = 0.1469); US dollar; CI: confidence interval.
  3. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
  4. aCompared to "strongly disagree", "disagree" and "somewhat agree".
  5. blog-likelihood test for the significance of the factor, comparing to the previous step.