| Malaria parasitaemia | No malaria parasitaemia |  | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Viruses (n = 19) | Bacteria (n = 10) | Malaria alone (n = 69) | Viruses (n = 23) | Bacteria (n = 10) | No pathogen (n = 176) | P -values |
Age | 40 [29–80]a | 36 [29–38]b | 36 [23–60]c | 7 [5–25]a | 6.5 [5–18]b | 15 [6–44]c | <0.001 |
Male sex | 11 (57.9) | 5 (50) | 37 (53.6) | 14 (60.9) | 5 (50) | 110 (62.5) | 0.90 |
Convulsions | 13 (68.4) | 7 (70) | 50 (72.5) | 13 (56.5) | 2 (20) | 102 (58) | 0.03 |
Neck stiffness | 1 (5.3) | 2 (20) | 13 (18.8) | 8 (34.8) | 4 (40) | 37 (21.0) | 0.27 |
Kernig’s sign positive | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (5.8) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 9 (5.1) | 0.90 |
Brudzinski’s sign positive | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (4.4) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.7) | 0.96 |
Impaired consciousness | 10 (52.6) | 4 (40) | 38 (55.1)c | 5 (21.7) | 1 (10) | 32 (18.2)c | <0.001 |
Haemoglobin (g/L) | 71 [58–106] | 78.5 [71–106] | 85 [68–102] | 91 [65–111] | 101.5 [89–106] | 96 [84.5–109] | 0.07 |
White blood cells (X109/L) | 8.4 [5.7–14.2] | 7.4 [5.6–10] | 8.6 [5.7–11.7] | 7.9 [5.3–15.5] | 8.6 [4.8–13.2] | 9.8 [7.4–12.7] | 0.50 |
Platelets (X109/L) | 100 [63–222]d | 147 [100–238] | 103 [46–206]c | 368 [197–378] | 618 [305–992] | 265 [165–390]c,d | <0.001 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 2.7 [2.0–4.6] | 1.8 [1.2–2.4] | 3.4 [2.0–5.3] | 1.2 [1.0–4.2] | 4.3 [3.3–15.7] | 2.4 [1.9–3.3] | 0.01 |
CSF leukocytes (cells/μL) | 0 [0–5] | 2.5 [0–30] | 0 [0–5] | 5 [0–10] | 0 [0–5] | 0 [0–5] | 0.04 |
CSF protein (g/L) | 0.3 [0.3–0.3] | 0.3 [0.15–0.3] | 0.3 [0.15–0.3] | 0.3 [0.3–0.3] | 0.3 [0.3–0.3] | 0.3 [0.15–0.3] | 0.35 |
Death | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (4.4) | 1 (10) | 9 (5.1) | 0.93 |
Discharged with disability | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 9 (5.1) | 0.46 |