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Table 5 Factors associated with influenza infection and tuberculosis-influenza co-infection compared with tuberculosis infection only among patients admitted with severe respiratory illness presenting with symptoms duration ≥7 days and tested for tuberculosis and influenza at four sites in South Africa, June 2010- December 2011

From: Influenza virus infection is associated with increased risk of death amongst patients hospitalized with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa, 2010–2011

Variables

 

Laboratory confirmed tuberculosis Referencea

Laboratory confirmed influenza

Laboratory confirmed tuberculosis-influenza co-infection

n/N (%)

ARRRb

P-value

n/N (%)

ARRRb

P-value

Hospital duration

<7

150/244 (61)

50/80 (62.5)

Reference

 

6/9 (67)

Reference

 

≥7 days

94/244 (39)

30/80 (37.7)

0.99 (0.6-1.7)

0.991

3/9 (33)

0.6 (0.1-2.7)

0.520

HIV status

Negative

34/233 (83)

25/78 (32)

Reference

 

1/9 (11)

Reference

 
 

Positive

199/233 (17)

53/78 (68)

0.4 (0.2-0.7)

0.002

8/9 (89)

2.2 (0.2-20.5)

0.486

Oxygen therapy

No

203/246 (83)

50/81 (62)

Reference

 

6/9 (67)

Reference

 

Yes

43/246 (17)

31/81 (38)

3.0 (1.7-5.5)

<0.001

3/9 (33)

2.1 (0.5-9.3)

0.315

Died

No

224/245 (91)

74/80 (92.5)

Reference

 

6/9 (67)

Reference

 
 

Yes

21/245 (9)

6/80 (7.5)

0.54 (0.2-1.5)

0.875

3/9 (33)

5.48 (1.2-25.4)

0.029

  1. HIV – human immunodeficiency virus.
  2. aTuberculosis only group used as reference for multinomial model analysis (i.e. comparing influenza only to tuberculosis only and tuberculosis–influenza co-infection to tuberculosis only group).
  3. bAdjusted relative risk ratio (ARRR) at multivariable analysis.