Parameter | Patients with an ARI | Virus-negative cases | Virus-positive cases | OR (95% CI) | p value f | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 1,074) | Total (n = 190) | Total (n = 884) | OR (95% CI) | p value e | Single virus (n = 469) | Multiple viruses (n = 415) | |||
Gender | |||||||||
Male | 669 (62.3) | 107 (56.3) | 562 (63.6) | Reference | - | 293 (62.5) | 269 (64.8) | Reference | - |
Female | 405 (37.7) | 83 (43.7) | 322 (36.4) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 0.06 | 176 (37.5) | 146 (35.2) | 0.9 (0.7-1.2) | 0.47 |
Age group (year) | |||||||||
≤1 (infant) | 225 (20.9) | 41 (21.6) | 184 (20.8) | Reference | - | 103 (22.0) | 81 (19.5) | Reference | - |
>1 -2 (toddler) | 201 (18.7) | 31 (16.3) | 170 (19.2) | 1.2 (0.7-2.0) | 0.44 | 86 (18.3) | 84 (20.2) | 1.2 (0.8-1.9) | 0.31 |
>2-5 (preschool child) | 468 (43.6) | 86 (45.3) | 382 (43.2) | 1.0 (0.7-1.5) | 1.00 | 206 (43.9) | 176 (42.4) | 1.1 (0.8-1.5) | 0.65 |
>5-16 (school child) | 180 (16.8) | 32 (16.8) | 148 (16.7) | 1.0 (0.6-1.7) | 0.92 | 74 (15.8) | 74 (17.8) | 1.3 (0.8-2.0) | 0.28 |
Clinical presentation a | |||||||||
Cough | 894 (83.2) | 161 (84.7) | 733 (82.9) | 0.9 (0.6-1.3) | 0.54 | 384 (81.9) | 349 (84.1) | 1.2 (0.8-1.7) | 0.38 |
Rhinorrhea | 666 (62.0) | 117 (61.6) | 549 (62.1) | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | 0.89 | 273 (58.2) | 276 (66.5) | 1.4 (1.1-1.9) | <0.05 |
Fever of >38°Cb | 359 (33.4) | 75 (39.5) | 284 (32.1) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 0.05 | 138 (29.4) | 146 (35.2) | 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | 0.08 |
Nasal congestion | 157 (14.6) | 36 (18.9) | 121 (13.7) | 0.7 (0.5-1.0) | 0.06 | 65 (13.9) | 56 (13.5) | 1.0 (0.7-1.4) | 0.89 |
Sneezing | 109 (10.1) | 22 (11.6) | 87 (9.8) | 0.8 (0.5-1.4) | 0.47 | 48 (10.2) | 39 (9.4) | 0.9 (0.6-1.4) | 0.68 |
Sore throat | 99 (9.2) | 19 (10.0) | 80 (9.0) | 0.9 (0.5-1.5) | 0.68 | 43 (9.2) | 37 (8.9) | 1.0 (0.6-1.5) | 0.89 |
Othersc | 57 (5.3) | 14 (7.4) | 43 (4.9) | 0.6 (0.3-1.2) | 0.16 | 23 (4.9) | 20 (4.8) | 1.0 (0.5-1.8) | 1.00 |
Socio-medical information a | |||||||||
ARI history in 4 weeks | 472 (43.9) | 90 (47.4) | 382 (43.2) | 0.8 (0.6-1.2) | 0.29 | 193 (41.2) | 189 (45.5) | 1.2 (0.9-1.6) | 0.19 |
Passive smoking | 605 (56.3) | 103 (54.2) | 502 (56.8) | 1.1 (0.8-1.5) | 0.52 | 275 (58.6) | 227 (54.7) | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 0.24 |
Family size (person, n = 1,072)d | |||||||||
≤3 | 287 (26.8) | 44 (23.3) | 243 (27.5) | Reference | - | 117 (25.0) | 126 (30.4) | Reference | - |
4-15 | 785 (73.2) | 145 (76.7) | 640 (72.5) | 0.8 (0.6-1.2) | 0.23 | 351 (75.0) | 289 (69.6) | 0.8 (0.6-1.0) | 0.08 |