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Table 4 Pooled relative frequency estimates of conjunctival, nasal and gingival bleeding features in the Eastern–Central African outbreaks (all outbreaks, Zaire Ebolavirus outbreaks) and in the West–African outbreak. Between–study heterogeneity (I2 statistic, 95 % confidence interval)

From: The face of Ebola: changing frequency of haemorrhage in the West African compared with Eastern-Central African outbreaks

 

Pooled relative frequency

95 % confidence interval

I2 statistic

Conjunctival bleeding/injection and conjunctivitis

Eastern–Central Africa (8 studies)

45.3 %

34.7–56.1 %

70.7–91.6 %

Eastern–Central Africa (Zaire Ebolavirus, 6 studies)

45.4 %

32.6–58.4 %

77.9–94.2 %

West Africa (5 studies)

18.0 %

6.0–34.5 %

95.6–98.3 %

Conjunctival bleeding/injection only

Eastern–Central Africa (3 studies)

38.2 %

33.0–43.6 %

0.0–95.5a

West Africa (2 studies)

18.8 %

11.0–28.8 %

0.0–91.3a

Conjunctivitis only

Eastern–Central Africa (5 studies)

50.0 %

31.0–68.2 %

72.0–94.0 %

West Africa (3 studies)

17.9 %

3.0–41.5 %

95.6–99.2 %

Nasal bleeding

Eastern–Central Africa (8 studies)

10.6 %

5.7–16.8 %

33.1–84.8 %

Eastern–Central Africa (Zaire Ebolavirus, 5 studies)

9.0 %

3.3–17.2 %

47.7–90.9 %

West Africa (2 studies)

1.3 %

1.0–1.8 %

0.0–92.8 %a

Gingival bleeding

Eastern–Central Africa (10 studies)

24.2 %

11.9–39.2 %

93.6–97.0 %

Eastern–Central Africa (Zaire Ebolavirus, 7 studies)

27.9 %

12.5–46.7 %

95.1–97.9 %

West Africa (1 study)

1.9 %

1.4–2.4 %

Not applicableb

  1. anon–significant I2statistic, fixed–effects meta–analytic method; bprevalence estimate reported by a single study
  2. All the differences between pooled relative frequencies in Eastern–Central Africa and West Africa are statistically significant at 95 % level