Table 1 Microbiological profile of healthcare-associated, community and hospital-acquired infections by focus of infection
Pneumonia | Endocarditis | ||||||
Number of studies/patients | 13 studies/6154 patients | Number of studies/patients | 2 studies/1814 patients | ||||
Number of patients (isolations) | HCAI - 1814 (1051–58 %) | CAI - 4264 (2355–55 %) | HAI - 147 (121–82 %) | Number of patients (isolations) | HCAI 284 (100 %) | CAI 1213 (100 %) | HAI 325 (100 %) |
Microorganism, n (%) | Microorganism, n (%) | ||||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 394 (37) | 1389 (59) | 18 (15) | Staphylococci | 164 (59) | 285 (24) | 124 (38) |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 114 (11) | 70 (3) | 6 (5) | MRSA (of all Staphylococci isolation) | 89 (54) | 39 (14) | 58 (47) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 124 (12) | 106 (4) | 31 (26) | Enterococci | 45 (16) | 97 (8) | 43 (13) |
MRSA (of all Staphylococci isolation) | 75 (60) | 31 (29) | 19 (61) | Coagulase negative Staphylococci | 38 (14) | 71 (6) | 39 (12) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 102 (10) | 69 (3) | 27 (22) | Streptococcus viridans | 36 (13) | 328 (27) | 14 (4) |
Haemophilus influenzae | 56 (5) | 179 (8) | 1 (1) | Gram negative bacilli | 0 (0) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) |
Atypical agents | 38 (4) | 349 (15) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
E. coli | 18 (2) | 6 (0.3) | 7 (6) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
PDR pathogensa, p value* | 235 (22) | 119 (5), p < 0.0001 | 56 (46), p < 0.0001 | PDR pathogensa, p value* | 89 (32) | 40 (3), p < 0.0001 | 58 (18), p < 0.0001 |
Urinary tract infections | Bloodstream infection | ||||||
Number of studies/patients | 2 studies/595 patients | Number of studies/patients | 6 studies/3320 patients | ||||
Number of patients (isolations) | HCAI 199 (189–95 %) | CAI 228 (205–90 %) | HAI 168 (163–97 %) | Number of patients | HCAI 1176 | CAI 994 | HAI 1337 |
Microorganism, n (%) | Microorganism, n (%) | ||||||
E. coli | 120 (63) | 147 (72) | 61 (37) | E. coli | 231 (20) | 353 (35) | 263 (20) |
Klebsiella spp | 17 (9) | 12 (6) | 17 (10) | Staphylococcus aureus | 117 (10) | 85 (9) | 286 (21) |
ESBL | 18 (10) | 4 (2) | 9 (6) | MRSA (of all Staphylococcus aureus isolation) | 42 (36) | 10 (12) | 186 (65) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 10 (5) | 5 (2) | 19 (12) | Klebsiella pneumoniae | 85 (7) | 48 (5) | 180 (13) |
Proteus spp. | 8 (4) | 14 (7) | 12 (7) | ESBL | 21 (2) | 14 (1) | 61 (5) |
Other gram negative rods | 7 (4) | 11 (5) | 17 (10) | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 58 (5) | 20 (2) | 121 (9) |
Enterococcus spp. | 8 (4) | 7 (3) | 12 (7) | Streptococcus pneumoniae | 21 (2) | 132 (13) | 15 (1) |
PDR pathogensa, p value* | 29 (15) | 11 (5), p = 0.001 | 32 (20), p = 0.353 | PDR pathogensa, p value* | 132 (11) | 49 (5), p < 0.0001 | 423 (32), p < 0.0001 |