Table 2 Frequency of animal contacts and dietary exposure self-reported by febrile patients in Northeastern Kenya

Contact with goat

No

378

52 (13.70)

Ref

-

Yes

689

121 (17.6)

4.82 (2.89–8.26)

0.003

Contact with dog

Yes

22

1 (4.5)

Ref

-

No

1045

172 (16.5)

0.24 (0.03–1.81)

0.267

Contact with sheep

No

675

104 (15.4)

Ref

-

Yes

392

69 (17.6)

1.17 (0.84–1.64)

0.349

Contact with cattle

No

602

63 (10.5)

Ref

-

Yes

465

110 (23.7)

2.65 (1.89–3.72)

<0.001

Contact with camel

Yes

112

13 (11.8)

Ref

-

No

955

160 (16.7)

0.67 (0.37–1.22)

0.279

Frequent slaughtering of animals

No

685

68 (9.90)

Ref

-

Yes

382

105 (27.5)

3.44 (2.46–6.67)

<0.001

Frequent handling of raw milk

No

470

61 (13.0)

Ref

-

Yes

597

112 (18.8)

1.55 (1.10–2.18)

0.011

Contact with birth products ^b

No

865

148 (17.1)

Ref

-

Yes

202

25 (12.4)

1.43 (0.94–2.19)

0.089

Share house with animals

Yes

98

20 (20.4)

Ref

-

No

969

153 (15.8)

0.37 (0.08–1.31)

0.239

Frequent contact with wildlife

Yes

2

0 (0)

-

-

No

1065

173 (16.2)

Frequently prepare manure

Yes

50

11 (22.0)

Ref

-

No

1017

162 (15.9)

1.49 (0.44–1.97)

0.258

Frequently graze animals

No

350

37 (10.6)

Ref

-

Yes

717

136 (19.0)

1.98 (1.34–2.92)

<0.001

Frequent consumption of raw meat

Yes

57

14 (24.6)

Ref

-

No

1010

159 (15.7)

0.74 (0.13–3.26)

0.382

Frequent consumption of raw cattle milk

No

736

57 (7.7)

Ref

-

Yes

331

116 (35.0)

6.43 (4.52–9.14)

<0.001

Frequent consumption of raw goat milk

No

883

130 (14.7)

Ref

-

Yes

184

43 (23.4)

1.77 (1.20–2.61)

0.004

Frequent consumption of raw camel milk

No

124

17 (13.7)

Ref

-

Yes

943

156 (16.5)

1.24 (0.73–2.14)

0.422

Frequent consumption of locally fermented milk

No

658

60 (9.1)

Ref

-

Yes

409

113 (27.6)

3.81 (2.7–5.36)

<0.001

Frequent consumption of animal blood

Yes

45

3 (6.7)

Ref

-

No

1022

170 (16.6)

0.36 (0.11–1.17)

0.809