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Table 4 Comparison of non-cervical HPV infections and cervical HPV infections in same or similar study populations

From: The incidence, clearance and persistence of non-cervical human papillomavirus infections: a systematic review of the literature

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Population, age (years)

Incidence (95 % CI)

Clearance (95 % CI)

  

Unit

Any

HR

16

18

Inf. type

Unit

Any

HR

16

18

Darwich; Spain; Penile [20]

HIV + ve MSM, 20- > 69

Per 100py

-

-

1.7 (0.8–2.9)

0.4

(0.1–1.1)

Prev

Per 100py

-

-

29.4

(15.1–51.4)

40.0

(8.2–116.9)

 

HIV + ve MSW, 20- > 69

Per 100py

-

-

1.4

(0.4–3.7)

0.3 (ND)

Prev

Per 100py

-

-

29.5

(10.8–64.2)

14.6

(−)

Videla; Spain; Cervical [64]

HIV + ve women, 20–64

% at 36 m

-

-

9

(3.4–18.5)

7

(2.6–14.6)

Prev

% at 36 m

-

-

46

(26.6–66.6)

29

(3.7–71.0)

Comment: Study period 1999–2003 for women v. 2005–2009 for men

Mbulawa; South Africa; Penile [22]

HIV + ve/-ve Men in a relationship, 19–67

Per 100py

66.8 (TS, first)

(52.3–83.0)

35.7 (28.1–45.4)

3.8

(2.2–6.5)

4.0

(2.4–6.8)

Prev/Inc

Per 100py

114.1 (TS)

(100–130.7)

124.9

(106.2–144.7)

121.5

(74.8–197.4)

160.0

(109.4–234.0)

Mbulawa; South Africa; Cervical [22]

HIV + ve/-ve Women in a relationship, 18–66

Per 100py

40.7 (TS)

(31.7–52.2)

18.7 (13.8–25.7)

2.4

(1.3–4.7)

1.4

(0.6–3.3)

Prev/Inc

Per 100py

80.3 (TS)

(68.4–94.2)

74.7

(61.3–91.4)

38.9

(16.7–90.5)

127.9

(85.2–94.2)

Comment: Incidence and clearance significantly higher in men v. women. In type- adjusted analyses, incidence remained higher in men by age group and HIV status; clearance remained higher in men by age group and HIV + ve (96.4 versus 66.0/100 person-years), but not HIV-ve (128.1 versus 132.1/100 person-years)

Giuliano; USA (Arizona); Male genital [25]

Adult men, 18–44

Per 100py

46.1 (NTS, total)

(41.8–61.2)

35.3 (NTS, first)

(27.4–44.9)

25.0)

(19.2–31.9)

18.6)

(13.4–25.0)

5.3

(3.4–9.2)

1.0

(0.2–2.9)

-

-

-

-

-

-

Giuliano; USA (Arizona); Cervical [32]

Women attending gynecology clinic,18–35

Per 100py

35.3 (NTS, first)

(24.7–48.8)

-

7.1

(3.7–12.1)

1.0

(0.1–3.5)

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comment: Study period 2003–2005 for men v. 1996–1999 for women; follow-up at 6, 12, and 24 months for men v. 4 and 10 months for women. Med time to clearance anal v. cervical: 5.9 m (5.7–6.1) v. ~9 m for any HPV; 5.8 m (5.5–6.1) v. 8.5 m for HR-HPV. PGMY09/11 assay used to detect types 61, 62, 64, 67, 69, 72, 81, IS39, and CP6108 in anal but not cervical samples

Goodman; USA (Hawaii); Anal [36, 39]

Sexually active women, 18–85

Per 100py

56.3 (NTS, first)

(48.5–65.0)

23.4

(19.2–28.3)

3.0

(1.8–4.8)

2.3

(1.2–3.9)

Inc

Per 100py

89.3 (TS)

(67.8–115.4)

110.0

(83.3–142.4)

141.2

(73.0–246.7)

130.0

(47.6–282.8)

Goodman; USA (Hawaii); Cervical [41]

Sexually active women, 18–85

Per 100py

15.6 (NTS, first)

(12.9–18.7)

11.1

(9.0–13.6)

2.1

(1.4–3.2)

0.6

(0.2–1.2)

Inc

Per 100py

85.1 (TS)

(64.2–110.4)

92.0

(67.8–122.0)

86.4

(41.4–158.9)

69.7

(14.4–203.6)

Comment: 431 of 972 women in cervical analysis as per availability of anal sample, complete questionnaire data, and valid HPV testing results. Med time to clearance anal v. cervical: 7.8 m (5.2–9.2) v. 8.5 m (5.8–12.6) for any HPV; 4.9 m (4.3–8.0) v. 8.0 m (5.5–11.8) for HR HPV; 4.3 m (3.4–11.4) v. 9.5 m (4.4–23.8) for HPV16; 6.9 (4.6–12.0) v. 14.0 (4.8–ND) for HPV18

Moscicki;USA; (California); Anal [40]

Sexually active women, 13–21

-

-

-

-

-

Prev

% at 12 m

-

29.7 (TS 2 + neg)

(19.0–41.7)

-

-

Moscicki;USA (California);

Cervical [42]

Sexually active women, 13–22

-

-

-

-

-

Prev

% at 12 m

-

~35 % (NTS)

-

-

Comment: Anal and cervical analyses conducted on two partially overlapping cohorts of 75 and 531 women, respectively. Clearance defined as time to first of 2 consecutive negative results; data for any HPV not presented as cervical assay detected only 5 of 19 low-risk types detected by anal infection assay. HPV types 68, 69, 73, and 82 defined as HR types in analysis of anal but not cervical infection; ~35 % clearance at 12 m for cervical infections estimated from provided Kaplan-Meier curves

Winer; USA;

Vulvovaginal [43]

Female university students, 18–20

100py

16.0 (NTS, first)

(13.7–18.6)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Winer; USA;

Cervical [43]

Female university students, 18–20

100py

12.7 (NTS, first)

(10.8–14.9)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Comment: Separate vulvovaginal and cervical swabs collected from 444 initially HPV-DNA-negative women. 35.4 % of infections were present at both sites

Kero, Finland, Male Genital [30]

Partners of pregnant women, 20–52

% at 7 years

32.3 (NTS)

(16.7–51.4)

-

-

-

Prev

% at 7 years

90 (TS)

(55.5–99.7)

-

-

-

Kero; Finland; Oral [30]

Pregnant women, 19–46

% at 7 years

14.0 (NTS)

(5.3–27.9)

-

-

-

Prev

% at 7 years

100 (TS)

(29.2–100)

-

-

-

Kero; Finland; Cervical [30]

Pregnant women, 19–46

% at 7 years

16.7 (NTS)

(6.4–32.8)

-

-

-

Prev

% at 7 years

70 (TS)

(34.8–93.3)

-

-

-

Comment: Analysis based on only 46 men and 46 women returning for follow-up at 84 months. At year 7 the same infecting HPV genotype was detected in 11 % (95 % CI 0.3–48.2) and 30 % (6.7–65.2) of mean and women, respectively. HPV status during interval visits was not taken into account.

  1. Note: For male versus female comparison only date for penile/male genital infections versus cervical infections are presented
  2. Abbreviations: m months, − data not provided, TS type-specific incidence defined as at least one positive test for any HPV type or HR-HPV type not detected at baseline, NTS non-type-specific incidence defined as at least one positive test for any HPV type or HR-HPV type among those negative for any HPV DNA or any HR-HPV DNA at baseline