From: Travelers’ health problems and behavior: prospective study with post-travel follow-up
Contracted illness a % | Odds ratio (95 % confidence interval) | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (missing data = 1) | 79 | |||
Sex (missing data = 0) | ||||
Male | 75 | 1.0 | ||
Female | 81 | 1.5 | (1.0–2.4) | 0.079* |
Age group (missing data = 0) | <0.001* | |||
0–17 | 66 | 1.0 | ||
18–35 | 89 | 4.3 | (1.9–9.9) | 0.001 |
36–55 | 73 | 1.4 | (0.6–3.2) | 0.380 |
56– | 71 | 1.3 | (0.6–2.8) | 0.582 |
Geographic region (missing data = 0) | <0.001* | |||
Europe, Northern America | 20 | 1.0 | ||
Latin America and the Caribbean | 66 | 7.7 | (1.9–32.0) | 0.005 |
Northern Africa, Western Asia | 67 | 8.0 | (1.4–45.8) | 0.019 |
Southern Africa | 62 | 6.4 | (1.4–28.4) | 0.015 |
Western Africa, Middle Africa | 79 | 14.9 | (3.8–58.5) | <0.001 |
Eastern Africa | 84 | 21.6 | (5.4–85.8) | <0.001 |
Eastern Asia, Central Asia | 56 | 5.0 | (0.8–31.0) | 0.084 |
South-Eastern Asia | 87 | 26.6 | (6.7–106.1) | <0.001 |
Southern Asia | 91 | 41.3 | (9.1–188.5) | <0.001 |
Duration of travel, days (missing data = 0) | <0.001* | |||
1–7 | 52 | 1.0 | ||
8–29 | 77 | 3.0 | (1.4–6.7) | 0.006 |
30–160 | 94 | 14.4 | (4.7–44.1) | <0.001 |
Purpose of travel (missing data = 1) | 0.813 | |||
Vacation | 78 | 1.0 | ||
Business | 82 | 1.2 | (0.5–2.9) | 0.636 |
Other/multiple b | 82 | 1.2 | (0.5–2.9) | 0.636 |
Accommodation (missing data = 11) c | <0.001* | |||
Hotel | 68 | 1.0 | ||
Home of a local | 87 | 3.2 | (1.5–6.8) | 0.003 |
Guest house | 87 | 3.1 | (1.8–5.2) | <0.001 |
Location (missing data = 22) c | ||||
City | 71 | 1.0 | ||
Countryside/jungle | 83 | 2.0 | (1.3–3.3) | 0.003* |
Used other than bottled water (missing data = 3) c | 76 | 0.8 | (0.3–2.2) | 0.710 |
Ate uncooked meat/fish (missing data = 4) | 66 | 0.4 | (0.2–0.8) | 0.006* |
Ate salads (missing data = 26) | 78 | 0.7 | (0.4–1.2) | 0.192 |
Diet (missing data = 159) | ||||
Omnivore | 82 | 1.0 | ||
Vegetarian | 89 | 1.8 | (0.5–6.2) | 0.353 |
Used milk as part of diet (missing data = 161) | 83 | 1.0 | (0.1–8.5) | 1.000e |
Site of meals (missing data = 12) c | ||||
Restaurant more than 50 % of meals | 79 | 1.0 | ||
Own household and sometimes elsewhere | 79 | 1.0 | (0.5–1.8) | 0.996 |
Alcohol consumption (missing data = 67) d | ||||
0–2 units per day | 81 | 1.0 | ||
3– units per day | 74 | 0.7 | (0.4–1.1) | 0.102 |
Did not always use utensils (missing data = 23) | 85 | 1.7 | (1.0–3.0) | 0.058* |
Did not wash hands always/often (missing data = 13) | 72 | 0.6 | (0.3–1.2) | 0.138 |
No WC as a toilet (missing data = 7) | 85 | 1.6 | (0.8–3.2) | 0.159 |
Had fresh water contact (missing data = 160) | 84 | 1.7 | (0.9–3.1) | 0.109 |
Walking barefoot often/sometimes (missing data = 7) | 79 | 1.0 | (0.6–1.7) | 0.990 |
Unprotected sex with local (missing data = 27) | 100 | 1.0 | (1.0–1.0) | 0.213e |
Other close contact with local (missing data = 26) | 88 | 2.2 | (1.1–4.4) | 0.030* |
Had insect stings (missing data = 22) | 84 | 3.1 | (1.9–5.1) | <0.001* |