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Table 1 Study characteristics of included papers

From: Faecal carriage of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in asymptomatic children and associations with primary care antibiotic prescribing: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study Characteristics

OECD (n = 20)

Non-OECD (n = 14)

Number of papers

Reference number

Number of papers

Reference number

Study Design:

 Retrospective observational

12

[1627]

10

[3645]

 Prospective observational

5

[2832]

1

[46]

 Cross-sectional

3

[3335]

3

[4749]

Number of study participants:

 0–50

1

[21]

1

[38]

 51–100

5

[25, 28, 30, 31, 34]

2

[42, 46]

 101–200

7

[17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29, 32]

2

[36, 40]

 201–500

4

[24, 27, 33, 35]

2

[41, 43]

 501–1000

3

[16, 19, 26]

5

[37, 39, 44, 47, 49]

 1000+

0

 

2

[45, 48]

Method of faecal sampling:

 Stool sample

14

[17, 1921, 23, 24, 27, 28, 3035]

9

[36, 37, 3941, 44, 4648]

 Rectal swab

5

[16, 18, 22, 25, 26]

5

[38, 42, 43, 45, 49]

 Stool sample or rectal swab

1

[29]

0

 

Age range of childrena:

 Neonates (0–90 days)

3

[3032]

0

 

 0–5 years

9

[1821, 24, 28, 3335]

7

[36, 37, 39, 41, 46, 48, 49]

 5–17 years

4

[16, 23, 24, 26]

3

[40, 42, 44]

 0–17 years

5

[17, 22, 25, 27, 29]

4

[38, 43, 45, 47]

Antibiotics reported:

 Ampicillin

15

[1619, 21, 22, 2426, 2932, 34, 35]

12

[3645, 47]

 Co-amoxiclav

5

[16, 17, 19, 21, 28]

2

[39, 47]

 Co-trimoxazole

4

[16, 17, 19, 21]

10

[3641, 4345, 47]

 Trimethoprim

7

[22, 26, 28, 29, 3335]

2

[29, 42]

 Nitrofurantoin

3

[26, 30, 35]

2

[43, 48]

 Ciprofloxacin

4

[16, 17, 21, 27]

12

[3743, 4548]

 Ceftazidime

4

[1618, 21]

3

[36, 39, 47]

 Tetracycline

13

[16, 17, 20, 21, 2326, 2932, 35]

10

[3638, 4045, 47]

 Chloramphenicol

11

[16, 17, 21, 23, 25, 26, 2932, 35]

10

[3739, 4145, 47, 48]

Previous exposure to antibioticsb:

 0–2 weeks

2

[33, 34]

0

 

 0–3 weeks

0

 

1

[37]

 0–1 month

1

[19]

0

 

 0–3 months

1

[27]

1

[49]

 0–6 months

0

 

0

 

 0–1 year

0

 

0

 
  1. aAge 0–5 years: papers which report data specifically for this age group, 6–17 years: papers which report data specifically for this age group; 0–17 years: papers which report data for the children within 0–17 years, and do not fit into the previous reported age groups. Papers may appear more than once depending on how they have reported their results
  2. bIndicates papers which reported information regarding previous exposure to antibiotics and the exposure time periods they investigated