Table 1 Table summarizing the findings of the studies used in this review
First author | Year of publication | Study design and sample size | Main exposure(s) of interest | Main outcome(s) of interest | Main results and Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peleg AY | 2007 | Literature review | Glycaemic control | Risk of common community acquired infections | Further research is needed to improve understanding of the role of diabetes and glycaemic control in the pathogenesis and management of community and hospital acquired infections |
Leung CC | 2008 | Cohort study 42,116 clients aged 65 years or more, | Diabetes mellitus | TB | Among diabetic subjects, higher risks of active, culture-confirmed, and pulmonary but not extrapulmonary tuberculosis were observed, with baseline hemoglobin A1c ≥7 % (vs. <7 %) |
Dick Menzies | 2011 | Review article | LTBI | TB | LTBI therapy should be given only to those with positive tests for LTBI. Underutilized, particularly in LMIC |
Matthew J. Magee | 2014 | cohort of 1366 adult patients | DM | MDR TB | DM did not impact culture conversion rates in a clinically meaningful way, but smoking did. |
Holt PR | 2001 | Review/Perspective | Elderly population | Malabsorption | Nutrition may be compromised rapidly by the reduction in food intake or malabsorption that accompanies many of the conditions that cause diarrhea in the elderly |
Cruz-Hervert LP | 2012 | Cross sectional study of 893 65Â years of age or older. | 65Â years of age or older | Clinical and epidemiological consequences of pulmonary tuberculosis | Untimely and difficult diagnosis and a higher risk of poor outcomes even after treatment completion emphasize the need for specific strategies in this vulnerable group. |
J. Peter Cegielski | 2012 | Cohort 1982–1992 of 14,189 adults | BMI | TB | Population's nutritional profile is an important determinant of TB incidence. |
Nyadzayo | 2014 (still in press) | Cohort study 410 adults | TB | Recovery from moderate malnutrition | Moderately malnourished adults are less likely to recover their nutritional status compared to non-TB patients when under supplementary treatment |
Kurbatova, E. V | 2012 | Cohort study of 1416 adults in 5 countries | predictors of initial sputum culture conversion in MDR TB treatment | Â | Lower but not significant unadjusted rate of sputum culture conversion among patients with DM |
Matthew J. Magee | 2014 | Cohort study of 1,366 adult patients in Georgia | MDR TB treatment in DM patients | culture conversion among patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB | In adjusted analyses, DM did not impact culture conversion rates in a clinically meaningful way |
MarÃa Eugenia Jiménez-Corona | 2013 | Cohort study of 1262 patients with pulmonary TB in Mexico | Patients with DM | clinical consequences of pulmonary tuberculosis | Patients with DM and pulmonary TB had more severe clinical manifestations, delayed sputum conversion, a higher probability of treatment failure and recurrence |
Meghan A Baker | 2011 | Systematic review and meta-analysis. | quantitative summary evidence for the impact of diabetes on tuberculosis outcomes | Â | DM increases the risk of treatment failure and death combined, death and relapse among patients with tuberculosis. |
Christie Y Jeon | 2008 | 13 observational studies (n = 1,786,212 participants) with 17,698 TB cases | Patients with DM | Active TB disease | Meta-analysis shows that DM increases the risk of TB, regardless of different study designs, background TB incidence or geographic region of the study. |
Stevenson CR | 2007 | Review | Patients with DM | Active TB disease | All studies identified statistically significant associations, with a 1.5- and 7.8-fold increase in risk or odds of TB in diabetic patients. Inadequate adjustment of potential major confounders. |
Nijland HM | 2006 | 1 prospective pharmacokinetic study (n = 17 adult patients | Patients with TB-DM comorbidity | Effect on plasma rifampicin levels | Study showed 53 % lower rifampicin exposure (AUC0–6 h) in TB-DM patients, compared to TB only patients. |
Meghan A Baker | 2012 | Prospective study | Patients with DM | Active TB and severe TB | The risk of developing tuberculosis increased among those with increasing diabetes severity. |
Brendan K. Podell, | 2012 | 60 guinea pigs were randomly assigned to Mtb infected and sucrose-fed (n  =  20), Mtb infected and water-fed (n  =  20), uninfected and sucrose-fed (sucrose control, n  =  10) and uninfected and water-fed (uninfected control, n  =  10). | Hyperglycaemia | Severity of tuberculosis infection in non-diabetic guinea pigs | The exacerbation of insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia by Mtb infection alone may explain why TB is more severe in diabetics with poorly controlled hyperglycaemia compared to non-diabetics and patients with properly controlled blood glucose levels. |
J. Peter Cegielski | 2012 | A prospective study of 13,419 adults from 25 to 72 years of age | different levels of nutritional status | Incident cases of TB | Population's nutritional profile is an important determinant of TB incidence, after controlling for socio-economic factors, excess alcohol consumption, smoking, and DM |
Yung-Feng Yen | 2016 | Population-Based Follow-Up Study of 1608 patients | (<18.5), normal (18.5–24.9), and overweight (≥25). | TB treatment outcome | Insufficient body weight was associated with higher risks of TB-specific and non-TB-specific mortality during TB treatment, particularly in male patients. |