Table 3 Univariate analysis of socio-demography, alcohol drinking, smoking, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and body composition as predictors for pre-diabetes and diabetes at 2 to 3Â years post-ART
|  | PD/DM+a (n = 61) | PD/DM-b (n = 212) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n(%) or mean (sd) | n(%) or mean (sd) | Â | Â | |
Age at follow-up, years | 41.8 (7.9) | 41.4 (10.3) | 1.00 (0.9–1.0) | 0.76 |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 24 (39.3) | 71 (33.5) | Reference | 0.40 |
 Female | 37 (60.7) | 141 (66.5) | 0.78 (0.4, 1.4) |  |
Marital status | ||||
 Married/cohabiting | 26 (42.6) | 104 (49.1) | Reference | 0.59 |
 Widow/widower | 9 (14.7) | 36 (16.9) | 1.00 (0.4, 2.3) |  |
 Separated/divorced | 22 (36.1) | 57 (26.9) | 1.54 (0.8, 2.9) |  |
 Single | 4 (6.6) | 15 (7.1) | 1.07 (0.3, 3.5) |  |
Occupation | ||||
 Self-employed | 51 (83.6) | 181 (85.4) | Reference | 0.41 |
 Salaried | 3 (5.0) | 12 (5.7) | 0.89 (0.2, 3.2) |  |
 Housewife | 1 (1.6) | 9 (4.2) | 0.39 (0.05,3.2) |  |
 No employment/other | 6 (9.8) | 10 (4.7) | 2.13 (0.7, 6.1) |  |
Highest education level | ||||
 Never attended school | 18 (29.5) | 60 (28.3) | Reference | 0.96 |
 Primary | 40 (65.6) | 139 (65.5) | 0.95 (0.5, 1.8) |  |
 Secondary | 3 (4.9) | 12 (5.7) | 0.83 (0.2, 3.2) |  |
 Vocational college/Tertiary | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | – |  |
Social economic status | ||||
 Lowest | 15 (24.6) | 43 (20.3) | Reference | 0.03 |
 Low | 22 (36.0) | 42 (19.8) | 1.50 (0.6, 3.3) |  |
 Middle | 10 (16.4) | 43 (20.3) | 0.67 (0.3, 1.6) |  |
 High | 4 (6.6) | 44 (20.7) | 0.26 (0.1, 0.8) |  |
 Highest | 10 (16.4) | 40 (18.9) | 0.71 (0.3, 1.8) |  |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
 Never | 31 (51.7) | 77 (36.3) | Reference | 0.06 |
 Past | 26 (43.3) | 107 (50.5) | 0.60 (0.3, 1.1) |  |
 Current | 3 (5.0) | 28 (13.2) | 0.27 (0.1, 0.9) |  |
Smoking status | ||||
 Never | 45 (73.8) | 152 (71.7) | Reference | 0.92 |
 Past | 14 (22.9) | 51 (24.1) | 0.93 (0.5, 1.8) |  |
 Current | 2 (3.3) | 9 (4.2) | 0.75 (0.2, 3.6) |  |
Fruits and vegetables intake per day | ||||
 1–2 servings | 26 (42.6) | 55 (25.9) | Reference | 0.04 |
 3–4 servings | 15 (24.6) | 64 (30.2) | 0.49 (0.2, 1.0) |  |
  ≥ 5 servings | 20 (32.8) | 93 (43.9) | 0.45 (0.2, 0.9) |  |
Time spent in vigorous physical activity per week (minutes) | ||||
 Inadequate (<75 min) | 13 (21.3) | 51 (24.1) | Reference | 0.66 |
 Adequate (≥75 min) | 48 (78.7) | 161 (75.9) | 1.17 (0.6, 2.3) |  |
Months on ARTc | 30 (4.5) | 31 (5.2) | 0.98 (09, 1.0) | 0.57 |
Current ART regimen | ||||
 AZT + 3TC + EFV | 9 (15.3) | 32 (15.9) | Reference | 0.92 |
 AZT + 3TC + NVP | 20 (33.9) | 64 (31.8) | 1.11 (0.5, 2.7) |  |
 TDF + FTC + EFV | 14 (23.7) | 56 (27.9) | 0.89 (0.3, 2.3) |  |
 TDF + 3TC + EFV | 16 (27.1) | 49 (24.4) | 1.16 (0.5, 2.9) |  |
TB treatment at baseline | ||||
 Did not receive TB treatment | 52 (85.3) | 158 (74.5) | Reference | 0.08 |
 Received TB treatment | 9 (14.7) | 54 (25.5) | 0.50 (0.2, 1.1) |  |
TB treatment since baseline | ||||
 Did not receive TB treatment | 50 (82.0) | 146 (68.9) | Reference | 0.048 |
 Received TB treatment | 11 (18.0) | 66 (31.1) | 0.48 (0.2, 0.9) |  |
Baseline CD4 count (cells/μL) | 127 (104) | 127 (98) | 0.99 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.99 |
Baseline CRP (Log -transformed)d | 3.7 (1.7) | 3.7 (1.8) | 0.99 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.91 |
Follow-up CRP (Log -transformed) | 1.8 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.16 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.14 |
NUSTART intervention assignment | ||||
 Control arm | 30 (49.2) | 98 (46.2) | Reference | 0.68 |
 Treatment arm | 31 (50.8) | 114 (53.8) | 0.89 (0.5, 1.6) |  |
Baseline anthropometrics and body composition | ||||
 Waist circumference tertiles |  |  |  |  |
  Lower | 13 (21.3) | 51 (24.1) | Reference | 0.18 |
  Middle | 27 (44.3) | 67 (31.6) | 1.58 (0.7, 3.4) |  |
  Upper | 21 (34.4) | 94 (44.3) | 0.87 (0.4, 1.9) |  |
Hip circumference tertiles | ||||
 Lower | 23 (37.7) | 45 (21.2) | References | 0.03 |
 Middle | 18 (29.5) | 68 (32.1) | 0.52 (0.3, 1.1) |  |
 Upper | 20 (32.8) | 99 (46.7) | 0.39 (0.2, 0.8) |  |
Body mass index tertiles | ||||
 Lower | 16 (26.2) | 50 (23.6) | Reference | 0.78 |
 Middle | 21 (34.5) | 68 (32.1) | 0.96 (0.5, 2.0) |  |
 Upper | 24 (39.3) | 94 (44.3) | 0.79 (0.4, 1.6) |  |
Fat mass index tertilese | ||||
 Lower | 23 (41.8) | 41 (21.2) | Reference | 0.007 |
 Middle | 17 (30.9) | 66 (34.2) | 0.46 (0.2, 0.9) |  |
 Upper | 15 (27.3) | 86 (44.6) | 0.31 (0.1, 0.7) |  |
Fat-free mass index tertilese | ||||
 Lower | 18 (32.7) | 64 (33.2) | Reference | 0.67 |
 Middle | 17 (30.9) | 70 (36.2) | 0.86 (0.4,1.8) |  |
 Upper | 20 (36.4) | 59 (30.6) | 1.21 (0.6, 2.5) |  |
Follow-up anthropometrics and body composition | ||||
 Waist circumference tertiles | ||||
  Lower | 32 (52.5) | 61 (28.8) | Reference | 0.0008 |
  Middle | 20 (32.8) | 71 (33.5) | 0.53 (0.3, 1.0) |  |
  Upper | 9 (14.7) | 80 (37.7) | 0.21 (0.1, 05) |  |
Hip circumference tertiles | ||||
 Lower | 30 (49.2) | 62 (29.3) | Reference | 0.007 |
 Middle | 20 (32.8) | 73 (34.4) | 0.56 (0.3, 1.1) |  |
 Upper | 11 (18.0) | 77 (36.3) | 0.29 (0.1, 0.6) |  |
Body mass index tertiles | ||||
 Lower | 30 (49.2) | 61 (28.8) | Reference | 0.009 |
 Middle | 18 (29.5) | 73 (34.4) | 0.50 (0.3, 0.9) |  |
 Upper | 13 (21.3) | 78 (36.8) | 0.34 (0.2, 0.7) |  |
Fat mass index tertilesf | ||||
 Lower | 33 (55.0) | 57 (27.3) | Reference | 0.0003 |
 Middle | 17 (28.3) | 73 (34.9) | 0.40 (0.2, 0.8) |  |
 Upper | 10 (16.7) | 79 (38.7) | 0.21 (0.1, 0.5) |  |
Fat-free mass index tertilesf | ||||
 Lower | 26 (43.3) | 64 (30.6) | Reference |  |
 Middle | 13 (21.7) | 77 (36.8) | 0.41 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.07 |
 Upper | 21 (35.0) | 68 (32.6) | 0.76 (0.4, 1.5) |  |