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Table 3 Summary of reported cases of human infection due to Exiguobacterium spp.

From: Exiguobacterium sp. A1b/GX59 isolated from a patient with community-acquired pneumonia and bacteremia: genomic characterization and literature review

Reference

2003 [2]

2006 [5]

2007 [3]

2014 [4]

2007 [6]

Our data

Cases number

1

1

1

1

6

1

Age(y)/Gender

55/M

NM/M

92/F

66/M

27/M(1), NM/M(3),neonate(1),55/M(1)

51/M

Community-acquired or hospital acquired

NM

NM

Nosocomial acquisition

Community-acquired

NM

Community-acquired

Sources

NM

NM

Catheter-related

Handled the skin of a deer and a wild boar.

NM

Respiratory tract, sugarcane farmer

Underlying disease

Alcoholic liver cirrhosis.

NM

Hypertension, hyperuricaemia and Alzheimer’s disease.

Previously healthy

Intravenous drug abuse(1), multiple myeloma(2), suspected infective endocarditis(1), neonate(1), igg kappa multiple myeloma, received local radiotherapy, corticosteroids and infusion chemotherapy(1).

T2DM

Presentation

Abdominal pain and diarrhea

NM

37.4 °C; late increased to 38.6 °C.

Afebrile with no systemic symptoms. Ulcer on a finger with a painful black eschar.

NM(5), febrile at 38.2 °C and experienced rigors after the indwelling central line was flushed(1).

Fever, chills, headache, cough, expectoration, hemoptysis, and dyspnea

Diagnosis

Bacteremia

Bacteremia

Bacteremia

Cutaneous infection

Bacteremia

Bacteremia and pneumonia

Sources

Bloodstream

Bloodstream

Bloodstream

Skin infection exudate

Bloodstream

Bloodstream and BALF

Identification

Commercial identification systems

Pantoea agglomerans by Enterotube II (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD, USA) and Phoenix Identification System PMIC/ID-30 (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Systems)

Oerskovia xanthincolytica by API Coryne (biomérieux)

Not identified by API Coryne (biomérieux)

Bacillus spp.

Cellulomonas/Microbacterium spp. By API Coryne (biomérieux)

Unidentified organism by ANC card (biomérieux)

16 s rRNA

99% E. profundum (hm584043.1)

Exiguobacterium sp. 99% identity of 1024 nucleotides.

E. acetylicum (99% identity of 506 nucleotides)

E. sibiricum (1413 bp, and similarity was 99.6%)

E. aurantiacum (high sequence homology, 99.2%)

Exiguobacteriu sp. At1b. (1433 bp and similarity 99.7%)

AST

NM

NM

Susceptible to penicillins, cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides and quinolones

Susceptible to penicillin, cefotaxime, imipenem, levofloxacin, vancomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, linezolid, and daptomycin.

Susceptible to ampicillin, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, penicillin, rifampicin, teicoplanin, tetracycline and trimethoprim

Susceptible to penicillin, meropenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, and vancomycin, Resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin

Antibiotic therapy

NM

NM

Intravenous cefuroxime treatment was initiated; afterwards, cefuroxime

Ciprofloxacin for 10 days.

6th patient: intravenous ceftazidime and teicoplanin for the following 3 days, the fever persisted. Others: unknown

Imipenem, moxifloxacin and voriconazole

Outcome

Recovered

NM

Recovered

Recovered

Recovered

Died

  1. F Female, M Male, NM Not mentioned, AST Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing