Table 3 Risk of bias in studies included in the systematic review on detection of HB surface antigen
Author | Patient selection | Bias | Index test | Bias | Reference standard | Bias | Flow and timing | Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Was a case control design avoided? Consecutive or random sample of patients? Inappropriate exclusions? | Blinded to reference standard Could the conduct or interpretation of the index test have introduced bias? | Blinded to index? Could the reference standard have introduced bias? | There is an appropriate interval between the index test and reference standard? All patients receive the same reference standard and are included in the analysis? | ||||
Alidjinou | NR, but no case control design | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | NR | UR |
Boa-Sorte | No case control design, consecutive recruitment | LR | blinded | LR | blinded | LR | Same reference standard, all patients included in analysis | LR |
Brown | Not reported | UR | Not reported | UR | Not reported | UR | Not reported | UR |
Farzadegan | Only cases, no consecutive sampling | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | NR | UR |
Farghaly | Case control design | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | NR | UR |
Forbi | No case control design | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Sampling not reported, same reference standard | UR |
Gruner | NR | UR | Not blinded, NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR |
Halfon | NR, probably case control design | UR | Not blinded, NR | UR | Not blinded, NR | UR | NR | UR |
Kania | Consecutive recruitment | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Sampling reported | LR |
Khan | No case control design | LR | Not reported, unclear whether blinded | UR | Not reported, unclear whether blinded | UR | Sampling not reported | UR |
Lee | Consecutive recruitment | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported, same reference standard | LR |
Lukacs | Case control design | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling not reported, same reference standard | UR |
Mayer | NR, probably case control | UR | Not reported, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not reported, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling not reported | UR |
Mendy | Case control design | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported | LR |
Mohamed | Case control design | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | NR | UR |
Mossner | Sampling from high-risk and low risk groups | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | UR | Sampling reported, same reference standard, all patients included in analysis | LR |
Nielsen | Only cases | HR | Not reported | UR | Not reported | UR | Sampling not reported | UR |
Parkinson | Only cases | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling not reported, same reference standard | UR |
Ross | Sampling not reported, probable case control design | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Flow reported | LR |
Villa | Case control design | HR | NR | UR | NR | UR | NR | UR |
Villar | Case control design | HR | Bias possible, as selective samples by OD values | HR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling reported | LR |
Zhuang | No case control design | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling not reported | UR |
Zoulek | Unclear, but no case control design, probably random or successive | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Not blinded, interpretation unbiased | LR | Sampling not reported, same reference standard | LR |