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Table 1 Factors associated with HCV re-testing in HIV-positive people (n = 3799)

From: Hepatitis C testing and re-testing among people attending sexual health services in Australia, and hepatitis C incidence among people with human immunodeficiency virus: analysis of national sentinel surveillance data

 

Between 2007 and 2011

Between 2012 and 2015

 

HCV re-tested

Person years

Rate per 100 person years (95% CI)

Univariate IRR (95% CI)

p

Multivariate IRR (95% CI)

p

HCV re-tested

Person years

Rate per 100 person years (95% CI)

Univariate IRR (95% CI)

p

Multivariate IRR (95% CI)

p

Age

 Every additional 5 years

666

2001.5

33.3 (30.8–35.9)

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

0.07

  

1323

2862.2

46.2 (43.8–48.8)

0.9 (0.9–1.0)

<0.01

1.0 (0.9–1.0)*

<0.01

Sex

 Male

606

1762.8

34.4 (31.7–37.2)

1.0

   

1195

2456.3

48.6 (46.0–51.5)

1.0

   

 Female

60

238.8

25.1 (19.5–32.4)

0.7 (0.6–1.0)

0.02

  

128

405.9

31.5 (26.5–37.5)

0.6 (0.5–0.8)

<0.01

  

Country of birth

 Australia

449

1397.4

32.1 (29.3–35.2)

1.0

 

1.0

 

871

1903.0

45.8 (42.8–48.9)

1.0

   

 Other

217

604.1

35.9 (31.4–41.0)

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

0.18

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

<0.01

452

959.2

47.1 (43.0–51.7)

1.0 (0.9–1.2)

0.62

  

Place of residence

 Major city

339

1092.4

31.0 (27.9–34.5)

1.0

 

1.0

 

944

1726.4

54.7 (51.3–58.3)

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Regional/remote

316

878.1

36.0 (32.2–40.2)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.06

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

<0.01

367

1085.6

33.8 (30.5–37.4)

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

<0.01

0.7 (0.6–0.8)

<0.01

 Unknown

11

31.0

35.5 (19.7–64.1)

–

 

–

 

12

50.2

23.9 (13.6–42.1)

–

 

–

 

Sexual orientation

 MSM

528

1416.0

37.3 (34.2–40.6)

1.7 (1.3–2.1)

0.00

1.8 (1.4–2.3)

<0.01

996

1941.6

51.3 (48.2–54.6)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

<0.01

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.03

 Heterosexual male

78

346.7

22.5 (18.0–28.1)

1.0

 

1.0

 

198

512.7

38.6 (33.6–44.4)

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Unknown

60

238.8

25.1 (19.5–32.4)

–

 

–

 

129

407.9

31.6 (26.6–37.6)

–

 

–

 

Ever performed sex work

 No

649

1942.7

33.4 (30.9–36.1)

1.0

   

1278

2783.7

45.9 (43.5–48.5)

1.0

   

 Yes

17

58.8

28.9 (18.0–46.5)

0.9 (0.5–1.4)

0.56

  

45

78.5

57.3 (42.8–76.8)

1.2 (0.9–1.7)

0.14

  

Ever injected drugs

 No

507

1649.6

30.7 (28.2–33.5)

1.0

 

1.0

 

1126

2513.1

44.8 (42.3–47.5)

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Yes

109

223.9

48.7 (40.3–58.7)

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

<0.01

1.7 (1.4–2.1)

<0.01

148

256.6

57.7 (49.1–67.8)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

<0.01

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

0.01

 Unknown

50

128.0

39.1 (29.6–51.5)

–

 

–

 

49

92.5

52.9 (40.0–70.1)

–

 

–

 

Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

 No

629

1915.1

32.8 (30.4–35.5)

1.0

 

1.0

 

1270

2748.6

46.2 (43.7–48.8)

1.0

   

 Yes

37

86.4

42.8 (31.0–59.1)

1.3 (0.9–1.8)

0.12

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

0.04

53

113.6

46.6 (35.6–61.1)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

0.95

  

Current CD4 cell count (cells/mm3)

  ≥ 500

164

596.3

27.5 (23.6–32.1)

1.0

   

501

1107.2

45.2 (41.5–49.4)

1.0

   

  < 500

158

567.2

27.9 (23.8–32.6)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

0.91

  

340

786.7

43.2 (38.9–48.1)

1.0 (0.8–1.1)

0.51

  

 Unknown

344

838.1

41.0 (36.9–45.6)

–

   

482

968.3

49.8 (45.5–54.4)

–

   

Current HIV RNA

 Undetectable

299

898.5

33.3 (29.7–37.3)

1.0

   

758

1585.1

47.8 (44.5–51.3)

1.0

   

 Detectable

167

536.3

31.1 (26.8–36.2)

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.49

  

243

465.2

52.2 (46.1–59.2)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

0.23

  

 Unknown

200

566.7

35.3 (30.7–40.5)

–

   

322

811.9

39.7 (35.6–44.2)

–

   

Current ART use

 Yes

366

1121.3

32.6 (29.5–36.2)

1.0

   

919

1851.9

49.6 (46.5–52.9)

1.0

   

 No

100

313.5

31.9 (26.2–38.8)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

0.84

  

82

198.5

41.3 (33.3–51.3)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.11

  

 Unknown

200

566.7

35.3 (30.7–40.5)

–

   

322

811.9

39.7 (35.6–44.2)

–

   

Current calendar year~

 2007 / 2012

74

236.7

31.3 (24.9–39.3)

1.0

 

1.0

 

279

760.9

36.7 (32.6–41.2)

1.0

 

1.0

 

 2008 / 2013

167

424.3

39.4 (33.8–45.8)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

0.10

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

0.07

361

819.4

44.1 (39.7–48.8)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.02

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

0.02

 2009 / 2014

155

487.2

31.8 (27.2–37.2)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

0.90

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.66

414

808.1

51.2 (46.5–56.4)

1.4 (1.2–1.6)

<0.01

1.4 (1.2–1.6)

<0.01

 2010 / 2015

158

487.3

32.4 (27.7–37.9)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

0.80

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.52

269

473.8

56.8 (50.4–64.0)

1.5 (1.3–1.8)

<0.01

1.5 (1.3–1.8)

<0.01

 2011 / -

112

366.0

30.6 (25.4–36.8)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

0.89

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.74

–

–

–

–

 

–

 
  1. Missing categories were included in models but coefficients are not shown. *IRR (95%CI) to two decimal places was 0.96 (0.94–0.98); ~Calendar year for 2007–2011 model / calendar year for 2012–2015 model. Despite calendar year not reaching significance in the multivariate 2007–2011 model, it was retained to allow comparison with the unadjusted testing rates in Fig. 2; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; CI, confidence interval; IRR, incidence rate ratio; MSM, men who have sex with men; ART, antiretroviral therapy
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