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Table 4 Adjusted Odds Ratio for the relationship between ARI symptoms, household environmental characteristics, and maternal and child characteristics

From: Household environment and symptoms of childhood acute respiratory tract infections in Nigeria, 2003–2013: a decade of progress and stagnation

Variables

2003

2008

2013

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Household environment

 Unclean cooking fuel

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

1.00 (0.99–1.01)

1.98 (0.92–4.28)

1.44 (0.66–3.13)

 Cooking inside the house

NA

 

 Smoking by household members

1.09 (0.89–1.34)

1.11 (0.91–1.35)

2.27 (0.94–5.48)

2.72 (1.07–6.88)*

1.18 (0.89–1.57)

1.13 (0.85–1.51)

 Improved source of drinking water

0.67 (0.49–0.91)*

0.79 (0.58--1.09)

0.96 (0.81–1.14)

1.14 (0.96–1.35)

0.92 (0.76–1.11)

1.05 (0.88–1.25)

 Improved toilet

0.94 (0.74–1.19)

0.86 (0.64–1.17)

0.89 (0.77–1.04)

1.01 (0.85–1.19)

0.93 (0.77–1.12)

0.96 (0.80–1.16)

 Quality of housing material

  Poor

NA

NA

1.27 (1.05–1.54)*

1.00 (0.73–1.37)

1.48 (1.22–1.80)*

1.35 (0.98–1.86)

  Average

NA

NA

1.25 (0.99–1.56)

1.11 (0.87–1.42)

1.42 (1.13–1.78)*

1.19 (0.93–1.52)

  Good

NA

NA

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  Over-crowded sleeping room

0.96 (0.81–1.15)

0.95 (0.79–1.13)

0.88 (0.77–1.00)

0.92 (0.81–1.06)

0.92 (0.78–1.09)

1.05 (0.89–1.24)

 Wealth quintile

  Poor

 

1.07 (0.76–1.50)

 

1.16 (0.79–1.70)

 

1.21 (0.84–1.73)

  Middle

 

1.19 (0.89–1.57)

 

1.12 (0.87–1.45)

 

1.48 (1.14–1.91)*

  Rich

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 Residence

  Rural

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Urban

 

0.96 (0.72–1.29)

 

1.09 (0.87–1.39)

 

0.99 (0.79–1.26)

 Region

  North West

 

1.24 (0.77–2.01)

 

1.61 (1.04–2.48)*

 

3.89 (2.31–6.55)*

  North East

 

2.26 (1.43–3.58)*

 

4.89 (3.20–7.47)*

 

11.53 (7.05–18.86)*

  North Central

 

0.89 (0.54–1.51)

 

1.69 (1.11–2.59)*

 

1.69 (0.96–2.99)

  South East

 

1.32 (0.77–2.28)

 

3.15 (2.07–4.780*

 

5.88 (3.56–9.72)*

  South South

 

1.71 (1.05–2.77)*

 

3.21 (2.13–4.83)*

 

3.86 (2.33–6.39)*

  South West

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 Season of interview

  Dry season

 

1.75 (1.39–2.21)*

 

 

1.54 (1.25–1.91)*

  Rainy season

 

1.00

   

1.00

Maternal characteristics

 Age of mother

  <  20

 

1.07 (0.58–1.98)

 

1.22 (0.80–1.86)

 

1.19 (0.79–1.81)

  20–29

 

0.99 (0.64–1.53)

 

1.29 (0.98–1.72)

 

1.11 (0.85–1.45)

  30–39

 

1.01 (0.71–1.45)

 

1.06 (0.83–1.36)

 

0.89 (0.72–1.12)

  > = 40

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 Education

  None

 

1.29 (0.91–1.83)*

 

1.03 (0.82–1.28)

 

0.63 (0.52–0.78)*

  Primary

 

1.32 (0.97–1.80)

 

1.09 (0.90–1.34)

 

0.92 (0.76–1.12)

  Secondary/higher

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Occupation

      

  Not working

 

0.68 (0.38–1.24)

 

0.93 (0.66–1.33)

 

0.85 (0.63–1.15)

  Professional/services

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

  Sales

 

0.82 (0.47–1.44)

 

1.04 (0.74–1.47)

 

0.80 (0.61–1.06)

  Agriculture/manual

 

0.77 (0.44–1.35)

 

1.32 (0.92–1.87)

 

0.99 (0.74–1.33)

Child characteristics

 Age (months)

  0–11

 

2.04 (1.58–2.63)*

 

1.43 (1.22–1.69)*

 

1.80 (1.52–2.12)*

  12–23

 

1.86 (1.43–2.41)*

 

1.88 (1.64–2.18)*

 

2.32 (1.97–2.72)*

  24–35

 

1.51 (1.15–1.98)*

 

1.32 (1.12–1.57)*

 

1.78 (1.47–2.14)*

  > = 36

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 Sex

  Male

 

1.03 (0.87–1.22)

 

1.01 (0.89–1.13)

 

1.01 (0.90–1.14)

  Female

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 Birth order

  1

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

  2–3

 

0.91 (0.69–1.19)

 

0.85 (0.73–1.00)

 

1.05 (0.87–1.26)

  4–5

 

0.97 (0.71–1.31)

 

0.82 (0.66–1.01)

 

1.11 (0.88–1.41)

  6+

 

0.81 (0.54–1.21)

 

1.01 (0.79–1.29)

 

1.43 (1.09–1.87)*

 Chronic malnutrition

  Yes

 

0.91 (0.74–1.12)

 

1.17 (1.02–1.32)*

 

1.07 (0.93–1.22)

  No

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

  1. *p <0.05 (statistically significant)