Variables | 2003 | 2008 | 2013 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Household environment | ||||||
Unclean cooking fuel | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.98 (0.92–4.28) | 1.44 (0.66–3.13) |
Cooking inside the house | NA | |||||
Smoking by household members | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) | 2.27 (0.94–5.48) | 2.72 (1.07–6.88)* | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 1.13 (0.85–1.51) |
Improved source of drinking water | 0.67 (0.49–0.91)* | 0.79 (0.58--1.09) | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 1.05 (0.88–1.25) |
Improved toilet | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 0.86 (0.64–1.17) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) |
Quality of housing material | ||||||
Poor | NA | NA | 1.27 (1.05–1.54)* | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | 1.48 (1.22–1.80)* | 1.35 (0.98–1.86) |
Average | NA | NA | 1.25 (0.99–1.56) | 1.11 (0.87–1.42) | 1.42 (1.13–1.78)* | 1.19 (0.93–1.52) |
Good | NA | NA | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Over-crowded sleeping room | 0.96 (0.81–1.15) | 0.95 (0.79–1.13) | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 0.92 (0.81–1.06) | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) |
Wealth quintile | ||||||
Poor | 1.07 (0.76–1.50) | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) | 1.21 (0.84–1.73) | |||
Middle | 1.19 (0.89–1.57) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 1.48 (1.14–1.91)* | |||
Rich | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Residence | ||||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Urban | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 1.09 (0.87–1.39) | 0.99 (0.79–1.26) | |||
Region | ||||||
North West | 1.24 (0.77–2.01) | 1.61 (1.04–2.48)* | 3.89 (2.31–6.55)* | |||
North East | 2.26 (1.43–3.58)* | 4.89 (3.20–7.47)* | 11.53 (7.05–18.86)* | |||
North Central | 0.89 (0.54–1.51) | 1.69 (1.11–2.59)* | 1.69 (0.96–2.99) | |||
South East | 1.32 (0.77–2.28) | 3.15 (2.07–4.780* | 5.88 (3.56–9.72)* | |||
South South | 1.71 (1.05–2.77)* | 3.21 (2.13–4.83)* | 3.86 (2.33–6.39)* | |||
South West | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Season of interview | ||||||
Dry season | 1.75 (1.39–2.21)* | – | 1.54 (1.25–1.91)* | |||
Rainy season | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Maternal characteristics | ||||||
Age of mother | ||||||
< 20 | 1.07 (0.58–1.98) | 1.22 (0.80–1.86) | 1.19 (0.79–1.81) | |||
20–29 | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) | 1.29 (0.98–1.72) | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | |||
30–39 | 1.01 (0.71–1.45) | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 0.89 (0.72–1.12) | |||
> = 40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Education | ||||||
None | 1.29 (0.91–1.83)* | 1.03 (0.82–1.28) | 0.63 (0.52–0.78)* | |||
Primary | 1.32 (0.97–1.80) | 1.09 (0.90–1.34) | 0.92 (0.76–1.12) | |||
Secondary/higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Occupation | ||||||
Not working | 0.68 (0.38–1.24) | 0.93 (0.66–1.33) | 0.85 (0.63–1.15) | |||
Professional/services | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Sales | 0.82 (0.47–1.44) | 1.04 (0.74–1.47) | 0.80 (0.61–1.06) | |||
Agriculture/manual | 0.77 (0.44–1.35) | 1.32 (0.92–1.87) | 0.99 (0.74–1.33) | |||
Child characteristics | ||||||
Age (months) | ||||||
0–11 | 2.04 (1.58–2.63)* | 1.43 (1.22–1.69)* | 1.80 (1.52–2.12)* | |||
12–23 | 1.86 (1.43–2.41)* | 1.88 (1.64–2.18)* | 2.32 (1.97–2.72)* | |||
24–35 | 1.51 (1.15–1.98)* | 1.32 (1.12–1.57)* | 1.78 (1.47–2.14)* | |||
> = 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 1.01 (0.89–1.13) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | |||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Birth order | ||||||
1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
2–3 | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) | 0.85 (0.73–1.00) | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | |||
4–5 | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | |||
6+ | 0.81 (0.54–1.21) | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | 1.43 (1.09–1.87)* | |||
Chronic malnutrition | ||||||
Yes | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 1.17 (1.02–1.32)* | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) | |||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |