Table 2 Reported leptospirosis complications
From: Estimating the burden of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka; a systematic review
Complication | Published Year | Citation | Method of Confirmation | Number of patients | Total patients | Percentage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Renal involvement | 1964 1966 1970 1974 1976 2008 2008 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2017 | [32] [33] [34] [21] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [20] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [29] [47] [22] [48] [49] [50] [19] [9] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] | Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Autopsy Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical N/M Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Autopsy Biochemical Proteinuria Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical | 44 13 C/S 41 34 11 C/R 23 C/S 62 10 a N/M C/R 12 N/M a 7 C/R C/R 157 14 N/M 25 10 N/M C/S 60 213 113 a | 60 104 C/S 81 61 45 C/R 155 C/S 132 62 a N/M C/R 22 N/M a 32 C/R C/R 232 19 N/M 45 48 66 C/S 110 563 221 a | 73.3 12.5 C/S 50.6 55.9 24.4 C/R 14.8 C/S 46.9 16.1 a N/M C/R 54.5 30.0 a 21.8 C/R C/R 67.7 73.3 7.14 55.6 20.8 68.2 C/S 54.5 37.8 51.1 a |
Liver involvement | 1964 1966 1967 1974 1976 2003 2011 2011 2011 2011 2012 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 | [32] [33] [57] [21] [35] [58] [38] [39] [20] [59] [41] [42] [44] [45] [29] [60] [48] [47] [22] [49] [19] [53] [9] [51] [54] [55] | Biochemical Biochemical Clinical Biochemical Biochemical Imaging Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Clinical Autopsy Biochemical Biochemical N/M Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Autopsy Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Clinical Biochemical Biochemical | 38 15 10 40 34 C/R 57 C/S 23 N/M a N/M 2 N/M 15 C/R 4 C/R C/R 8 N/M N/M 26 N/M 97 3 | 58 104 60 81 61 C/R 155 C/S 132 a a N/M 22 N/M 32 C/R 232 C/R C/R 19 N/M 110 48 66 563 221 | 65.5 14.4 16.6 49.0 55.9 C/R 36.7 C/S 17.4 a a N/M 9.0 30.0 46.8 C/R 1.7 C/R C/R 42.1 N/M 1.8 54.2 33.3 17.2 1.4 |
Cardiac involvement | 1964 1977 2008 2008 2011 2011 2012 2012 2013 2013 2014 2014 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 | [32] [61] [36] [62] [38] [20] [63] [41] [43] [44] [45] [29] [60] [64] [22] [48] [49] [50] [19] [9] [52] [53] [54] [55] | ECG Postmortem ECG, Imaging ECG, Imaging Imaging Imaging ECG, Imaging Autopsy ECG, Imaging ECG, Imaging N/M ECG, Imaging ECG, Imaging ECG, Imaging Autopsy ECG, Imaging Clinical ECG ECG, Imaging | 9 C/S 7 C/R 11 71 8 a C/R 13 N/M 5 C/R C/R C/R 5 N/M N/M 37 6 C/S N/M 23 5 | 63 C/S 45 C/R 155 132 62 a C/R 22 N/M 32 C/R C/R C/R 232 19 N/M 45 48 C/S 110 563 221 | 14.3 C/S 15.5 C/R 7.1 53.7 12.9 a C/R 59.0 35.0 15.6 C/R C/R C/R 2.2 36.8 14.2 82.2 12.5 C/S 4.5 4.1 2.3 |
Lung involvement | 1964 1977 2008 2008 2011 2011 2012 2013 2013 2015 2015 2015 2016 2016 2016 2016 2016 | [32] [61] [36] [62] [39] [20] [41] [43] [44] [60] [22] [48] [19] [52] [55] [53] [54] | Clinical Postmortem Imaging Imaging Imaging Imaging Autopsy Imaging Imaging Imaging Autopsy Imaging Imaging Imaging Imaging Imaging Imaging | 22 C/S 14 C/R C/S 60 a C/R 2 C/R C/R 6 N/M C/S 3 N/M 43 | 63 C/S 45 C/R C/S 132 a C/R 22 C/R C/R 232 N/M C/S 221 110 563 | 34.9 C/S 31.1 C/R C/S 45.4 a C/R 9.0 C/R C/R 2.6 N/M C/S 1.4 4.5 7.6 |
Neurological involvement | 1964 1967 1974 2003 2008 2011 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 | [32] [57] [21] [58] [36] [38] [39] [41] [45] [64] [51] | Biochemical Clinical Clinical Biochemical Biochemical Clinical Clinical Autopsy N/M Clinical N/M | 8 5 6 C/R 3 13 C/S a N/M C/R N/M | 63 60 81 C/R 45 155 C/S a N/M C/R 66 | 12.7 8.3 7.4 C/R 6.6 8.3 C/S a 25.0 C/R 15.2 |
Pancreatic involvement | 2008 2013 2016 2016 | [37] [43] [52] [54] | Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical Biochemical | C/R C/R C/S 5 | C/R C/R C/S 563 | C/R C/R C/S 0.9 |
Bleeding manifestation | 1959 1964 1966 1967 2011 2016 | [12] [32] [33] [57] [39] [53] | Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical Clinical | C/S 9 1 2 C/S N/M | C/S 63 104 60 C/S 110 | C/S 14.3 0.09 3.3 C/S 30.9 |
Splenic involvement | 1964 2011 | [32] [59] | Clinical Clinical | 2 N/M | 63 a | 3.2 a |