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Table 2 Studies describing determinants associated with STBBI-related outcomes among cisgender male sex workers in high-income countries

From: Preventing sexually transmitted and blood borne infections (STBBIs) among sex workers: a critical review of the evidence on determinants and interventions in high-income countries

Study Details

Outcome Examined

Multivariable Associations Reported

Author/Year

Country

Study Design/Dates

Population

STBBI Outcome

Condom Use Outcome

Individual & Interpersonal Determinants

Structural Determinants

Fournet et al., 2016 [22]

Netherlands

Cross-sectional 2006–2012

3053 male sex workers

Prevalence of HIV (2.5%), STI (18.1%; syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea)

 

HIV+ status was positively associated with younger age (aRR 2.74, 95%CI 1.15–6.50), and sexual minority (aRR 24.41, 95%CI 3.37–176.88);

Bacterial STIs were positively associated with younger age (aRR 2.30, 95%CI 1.83–2.88), sexual minority (aRR 1.62, 95%CI 1.27–2.06), previous STI in past 2 years (aRR 1.39, 95%CI 1.15–1.68), and HIV+ status (aRR 2.71, 95%CI 1.68–2.64)

HIV+ status was positively associated with not having a previous HIV test (aRR 2.59, 95%CI 1.56–4.29)

Grov et al., 2015 [52]

USA

Cross-sectional

387 male sex workers (internet-based escorts)

 

Unprotected anal sex with last client and last non-client

Condomless anal sex with last client was positively associated with depression (aOR 1.13, 95%CI 1.02–1.25); Condomless anal sex with last non-client was positively associated with HIV+ status (aOR 12.29, 95%CI 1.56–96.92)

 

Mc Grath-Lone et al., 2014 [88]

England

Cross-sectional Jan-Dec 2011

488 male sex workers

Prevalence of HIV (3.7%), syphilis (2.6%), chlamydia (24.7%), gonorrhoea (17.4%)

  

Being a migrant male sex worker vs. UK-born was positively associated with prevalence of chlamydia (aOR 2.20, 95%CI 1.08–4.49)

Sethi et al., 2006 [21]

England (London)

Cross-sectional 1994–2003

823 male sex workers

HIV prevalence (9.3%); HIV incidence (49 cases)

 

HIV infection was positively associated with injection drug use and unprotected anal sex with casual partner

HIV incidence was positively associated with first attending the clinic earlier, in 1994–1996 vs. 1997–1999 (p = 0.007) or vs. 2000–2003 (p = 0.02)