Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort stratified by exposure status
Variable | ESC-S EB index UTI (unexposed)a | ESC-R EB index UTI (exposed) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Age in years (median, IQR) | 49 (27–64) | 60 (46–70) | <0.01 |
Female gender | 132 (87%) | 108 (72%) | <0.01 |
Nonwhite race | 81 (54%) | 78 (52%) | 0.73 |
Culture obtained in outpatient clinic | 119 (79%) | 89 (59%) | <0.01 |
Culture obtained in ED | 29 (19%) | 54 (36%) | <0.01 |
Culture obtained within 72 h of inpatient admission | 3 (2%) | 8 (5%) | 0.23 |
Comorbidities/Exposures | |||
UTI in prior 6 months | 57 (38%) | 65 (43%) | 0.37 |
Urinary catheter | 9 (6%) | 27 (18%) | <0.01 |
Surgery in prior 6 months | 21 (14%) | 36 (24%) | 0.04 |
Prostate disease (if male) | 6 (32%) | 20 (47%) | >0.99 |
Liver diseaseb | 1 (1%) | 8 (5%) | 0.04 |
Respiratory diseasec | 17 (11%) | 29 (19%) | 0.06 |
Diabetes mellitus | 14 (9%) | 31 (21%) | 0.01 |
History of hemodialysis | 1 (1%) | 5 (3%) | 0.22 |
Malignancy | 11 (7%) | 28 (19%) | <0.01 |
Prior renal transplantation | 6 (4%) | 13 (8%) | 0.11 |
Rehabilitation or SNF stay in prior 6 months | 3 (2%) | 9 (6%) | 0.11 |
Hospitalization in prior 6 months | 35 (23%) | 66 (44%) | <0.01 |
Antibiotic exposuresd | |||
Any antibiotic | 84 (56%) | 94 (62%) | 0.24 |
First-generation cephalosporin | 8 (5%) | 18 (12%) | 0.04 |
Extended-spectrum cephalosporin | 4 (3%) | 19 (13%) | <0.01 |
Extended-spectrum penicillin | 5 (3%) | 12 (8%) | 0.07 |
Amoxicillin/clavulanate or ampicillin/sulbactam | 5 (3%) | 11 (7%) | 0.11 |
Piperacillin-tazobactam | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | >0.99 |
Fluoroquinolone | 28 (19%) | 41 (27%) | 0.07 |
Aztreonam | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | >0.99 |
Carbapenem | 1 (1%) | 5 (3%) | 0.02 |
Aminoglycoside | 1 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 0.62 |
Nitrofurantoin | 26 (17%) | 28 (19%) | 0.78 |
TMP-SMX | 19 (13%) | 36 (24%) | 0.02 |
Fosfomycin | 1 (1%) | 2 (1%) | >0.99 |
Severity of index UTI | |||
Pyelonephritis at diagnosis | 18 (12%) | 44 (29%) | <0.01 |
BSI at diagnosis | 3 (2%) | 6 (4%) | 0.51 |
Admitted to hospital | 12 (8%) | 30 (20%) | <0.01 |
Causative organism of index UTI | |||
Escherichia coli | 116 (77%) | 112 (74%) | 0.59 |
Klebsiella species | 18 (12%) | 20 (13%) | 0.72 |
Enterobacter species | 12 (8%) | 14 (9%) | 0.69 |
Citrobacter species | 3 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 0.63 |
Proteus species | 2 (1%) | 4 (3%) | 0.69 |