Table 2 Predictors of late (> 3 months of age) or no receipt of DTP1 vaccination among urban Dar es Salaam (n = 11,189) and rural Morogoro (n = 19,767) infants

Total cohort

1283 (11.47%)

–

–

–

–

 Male

5712

669 (11.71%)

1.04 (0.94–1.16)

0.40

1.05 (0.96–1.15)

0.26

 Female

5473

613 (11.20%)

Reference

Reference

 Firstborn

2577

332 (12.88%)

Reference

Reference

 2nd-4th child

5239

566 (10.80%)

0.95 (0.82–1.10)

0.48

0.83 (0.73–0.94)

0.003

 5th or greater child

686

80 (11.66%)

1.05 (0.81–1.35)

0.73

1.05 (0.89–1.25)

0.53

 Low birthweight (< 2500 g)

967

113 (11.69%)

0.95 (0.79–1.14)

0.56

0.69 (0.60–0.80)

<  0.001

 Normal birthweight (≥2500 g)

10,208

1167 (11.43%)

Reference

Reference

 Preterm (< 37 weeks)

1511

172 (11.38%)

1.00 (0.85–1.17)

0.97

0.99 (0.85–1.16)

0.91

 Term (≥37 weeks)

6430

674 (10.48%)

Reference

Reference

 SGA (<10th percentile)

729

77 (10.56%)

0.88 (0.71–1.11)

0.28

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

0.40

 No SGA (≥10th percentile)

7084

755 (10.66%)

Reference

Reference

  < 20 years

1835

247 (13.46%)

1.48 (1.23–1.78)

<  0.001*

1.00 (0.86–1.15)

0.003*

 20–25 years

3269

340 (10.40%)

1.18 (1.01–1.39)

1.08 (0.96–1.22)

 25–30 years

2825

247 (8.74%)

Reference

Reference

 30–35 years

1396

121 (8.67%)

0.96 (0.78–1.18)

0.82 (0.70–0.96)

  ≥ 35 years

589

54 (9.17%)

0.98 (0.73–1.31)

0.77 (0.62–0.94)

 No formal schooling

466

58 (12.45%)

1.16 (0.90–1.50)

0.05*

1.13 (0.98–1.30)

0.17*

 Some primary

347

43 (12.39%)

1.09 (0.82–1.45)

1.10 (0.95–1.28)

 Completed primary

7291

746 (10.23%)

Reference

Reference

 Secondary plus

1656

144 (8.70%)

0.89 (0.74–1.06)

1.11 (0.91–1.35)

 No formal schooling

189

20 (10.58%)

0.88 (0.58–1.35)

0.14*

1.59 (1.36–1.87)

<  0.001*

 Some primary

221

38 (17.19%)

1.57 (1.16–2.11)

1.32 (1.13–1.53)

 Completed primary

6631

686 (10.35%)

Reference

Reference

 Secondary plus

2742

243 (8.86%)

0.93 (0.80–1.08)

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

 Q1 (Poorest)

1577

208 (13.12%)

1.43 (1.13–1.80)

0.01*

1.32 (1.13–1.54)

<  0.001*

 Q2

2325

232 (9.98%)

1.12 (0.89–1.41)

1.35 (1.16–1.57)

 Q3

1712

183 (10.69%)

1.24 (0.98–1.57)

1.04 (0.88–1.23)

 Q4

2988

283 (9.47%)

1.15 (0.92–1.42)

1.13 (0.97–1.32)

 Q5 (Richest)

1282

102 (7.96%)

Reference

Reference

 Home

–

–

–

–

1.20 (1.06–1.35)

0.004

 Facility

–

–

–

Reference

 1st Trimester

1133

112 (9.89%)

0.86 (0.71–1.04)

<  0.001*

0.90 (0.76–1.06)

0.63*

 2nd Trimester

6604

737 (11.16%)

Reference

Reference

 3rd Trimester

802

139 (17.33%)

1.55 (1.32–1.83)

0.95 (0.83–1.10)