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Table 3 Predictors of late (> 7 months of age) or no receipt of DTP3 vaccination among urban Dar es Salaam (n = 10,932) and rural Morogoro (n = 19,571) infants

From: Determinants of delayed or incomplete diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination in parallel urban and rural birth cohorts of 30,956 infants in Tanzania

Characteristic

Urban Dar es Salaam

Rural Morogoro Region

p-value for interaction by site

Total N

Late or no receipt of DTP3

n (%)

Multivariate Relative Risk (95% CI)

p value

Total N

Late or no receipt of DTP3

n (%)

Multivariate Relative Risk (95% CI)

p value

Total cohort

10,932

1751 (16.01%)

–

–

19,571

3381 (17.28%)

–

–

 

Infant sex

 Male

5578

919 (16.48%)

1.06 (0.97–1.15)

0.20

10,406

1801 (17.31%)

1.01 (0.95–1.07)

0.77

0.29

 Female

5350

831 (15.53%)

Reference

 

9165

1580 (17.24%)

Reference

  

Parity

 Firstborn

2509

423 (16.86%)

Reference

 

4807

886 (18.43%)

Reference

 

0.02

 2nd-4th child

5147

807 (15.68%)

1.10 (0.98–1.25)

0.11

8989

1519 (16.90%)

0.91 (0.84–1.00)

0.04

 

 5th or greater child

668

103 (15.42%)

1.19 (0.95–1.48)

0.13

2978

638 (21.42%)

1.18 (1.05–1.32)

0.006

 

Birthweight

  Low birthweight (< 2500 g)

942

139 (14.76%)

0.85 (0.73–1.00)

0.050

2713

342 (12.61%)

0.71 (0.64–0.79)

<  0.001

0.06

  Normal birthweight (≥2500 g)

9990

1612 (16.14%)

Reference

 

16,858

3039 (18.03%)

Reference

  

Gestational Age

  Preterm (< 37 weeks)

1478

244 (16.51%)

1.01 (0.89–1.16)

0.84

1861

340 (18.27%)

0.91 (0.82–1.01)

0.09

0.72

  Term (≥37 weeks)

6280

928 (14.78%)

Reference

 

9887

1772 (17.92%)

Reference

  

Size for gestational Age

         

  SGA (<10th percentile)

710

106 (14.93%)

0.90 (0.75–1.08)

0.26

1559

256 (16.42%)

0.92 (0.82–1.04)

0.18

0.55

  No SGA (≥10th percentile)

6922

1041 (15.04%)

Reference

 

9885

1789 (18.10%)

Reference

  

Maternal age

 < 20 years

1785

347 (19.44%)

1.58 (1.36–1.84)

<  0.001*

4472

836 (18.69%)

1.10 (1.00–1.21)

<  0.001*

0.02

 20–25 years

3204

481 (15.01%)

1.20 (1.05–1.36)

 

5219

942 (18.05%)

1.11 (1.02–1.21)

  

 25–30 years

2783

356 (12.79%)

Reference

 

5196

865 (16.65%)

Reference

  

 30–35 years

1378

165 (11.97%)

0.90 (0.76–1.07)

 

2725

429 (15.74%)

0.92 (0.82–1.02)

  

  ≥ 35 years

579

64 (11.05%)

0.81 (0.62–1.04)

 

1384

220 (15.90%)

0.85 (0.74–0.98)

  

Maternal education

 No formal schooling

655

105 (16.03%)

1.00 (0.83–1.21)

0.21*

2175

520 (23.91%)

1.22 (1.10–1.34)

<  0.001*

0.049

 Some primary

339

60 (17.70%)

1.05 (0.83–1.33)

 

1858

416 (22.39%)

1.25 (1.13–1.38)

  

 Completed primary

7163

1062 (14.83%)

Reference

 

13,847

2185 (15.78%)

Reference

  

 Secondary plus

1625

195 (12.00%)

0.86 (0.74–1.00)

 

1213

177 (14.59%)

0.99 (0.85–1.15)

  

Paternal education

 No formal schooling

187

26 (13.90%)

0.84 (0.58–1.22)

0.05*

1197

339 (28.32%)

1.36 (1.22–1.52)

<  0.001*

0.004

 Some primary

217

56 (25.81%)

1.66 (1.31–2.10)

 

1461

316 (21.63%)

1.18 (1.06–1.31)

  

 Completed primary

6495

965 (14.86%)

Reference

 

14,459

2360 (16.32%)

Reference

  

 Secondary plus

2702

336 (12.44%)

0.92 (0.81–1.04)

 

1887

261 (13.91%)

0.96 (0.85–1.09)

  

Wealth quintile

 Q1 (Poorest)

1544

300 (19.43%)

1.25 (1.04–1.49)

0.006*

3938

807 (20.49%)

1.32 (1.18–1.47)

<  0.001*

<  0.001

 Q2

2276

318 (13.97%)

0.93 (0.78–1.11)

 

4311

926 (21.48%)

1.37 (1.23–1.52)

  

 Q3

1672

250 (14.95%)

1.03 (0.86–1.23)

 

3222

447 (13.87%)

1.01 (0.89–1.13)

  

 Q4

2947

374 (12.69%)

0.91 (0.77–1.08)

 

3769

584 (15.49%)

1.10 (0.98–1.23)

  

 Q5 (Richest)

1258

169 (13.43%)

Reference

 

3793

514 (13.55%)

Reference

  

Place of birth

 Homea

–

–

–

–

2614

584 (22.34%)

1.17 (1.08–1.27)

<  0.001

 

 Facility

–

–

–

 

16,938

2789 (16.47%)

Reference

  

Trimester of first ANC visit

 1st Trimester

1108

158 (14.26%)

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

<  0.001*

1517

261 (17.21%)

0.89 (0.79–0.99)

0.19*

<  0.001

 2nd Trimester

6469

996 (15.40%)

Reference

 

12,350

2288 (18.53%)

Reference

  

 3rd Trimester

781

187 (23.94%)

1.55 (1.36–1.78)

 

2014

370 (18.37%)

0.98 (0.89–1.09)

  
  1. *p value for trend
  2. aParticipants in Dar es Salaam primarily enrolled from facilities