Reference | Country | Age | Sex | Associated factors for IE by L. garvieae and comorbidities | Symptoms and duration (days) | Physical examination | Laboratories and Echocardiography (Vegetation size) | Identification | Susceptibility | Therapy and days of treatment | Complications and Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clavero et al. 2017 | Chile | 72 | F | AV fistulas, Diverticulosis, CKD, DM 2 and HTN, colonic polyps | Chills, fever (1) | Fever, systolic murmur, pulmonary crackles | TEE: mitral vegetation (4 mm) Labs: Leucocytosis elevated CRP Colonoscopy: Colonic polyps | LG: Vitek 2¥, MS and 16S rRNA PCR. | MIC: VAN: 2 μg/ml, CTX 0.25 µg/ml PEN: 0.5 µg/ml. Kirby Bauer: Sensitive: ERY, CIP, SXT, AMC Resistant: CLI. Applying the criteria for B-haemolytic streptococci | Empiric: CLO + AMK Directed: VAN + GEN µg (NI) | Shock, respiratory failure (Died) |
Lim and Jenkins 2017 | UK | 57 | M | Cooked fish, gallstones, renal stones, Colonic polyps | Fever weight loss (60) | Pansystolic murmur | TEE: mitral valve vegetation (NI) and regurgitation. Colonoscopy: Duodenal polyps | LG: MS | PEN MIC: 1 mg/L Etest BioMérieux, S: GEN 200 µg Oxoid by diffusion disc testing. | AMX + GEN (42d) Valve replacement | No complications, (Alive) |
Landeloos et al. 2017 | Belgium | 82 | F | Prosthetic mitral valve, previous endocarditis, Cooked fish, colonic polyps, FA, HTN, Osteoporosis. | Fever, hyporexia, dyspnoea (14) | Bradycardia, Basal lung crepitations, reinforce caused S2 | TEE: mitral vegetation (10x5mm) Labs: Elevated CRP no leucocytosis. Colonoscopy: Colonic polyps. | LG: MS, 16S rRNA PCR. | NI | Empiric: CRO Directed: MXF Changed: PEN + GEN Ambulatory: AMX monotherapy (42d) No valve replacement | No complications (Alive) |
Bazemore et al. 2016 | USA | 45 | M | Multiple substance abuse. Repair of aortic root aneurysm, Hepatitis C and cirrhosis | Malaise, weakness (60) | Fever, systolic murmur | No Echo reported. Leucocytosis, Elevated CRP and ESR. | LG: MS | E-test: sensitive to CRO and VAN Cut-off values for S. bovis | Empiric: TZP + VAN Directed: CRO + GEN (NI) + Valve repair | Aortic valve dehiscence (Alive) |
Suh et al. 2016 | South Korea | 75 | F | Mitral valve prosthesis, eats sea fresh food. | Dyspnoea (3) | Holosystolic murmur | TTE: mitral vegetation (16 mm) Labs: leucocytosis, Elevated CRP | LG: Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR. | MicroScan MICroSTREP plus panel: PEN 0.12 µg/ml, AMC: 0.5/0.25 µg/ml, CRO 0.25 µg/ml, CTX 0.25 µg/ml, MEM 0.06 µg/ml, VAN 1 µg/ml, LVX 1 µg/ml, CLI > 0.5 mcg/ml (only R to CLI). E test (bioMérieux, Marcy lEtoile, France) PEN 0.75 mg/L, CRO 0.38 mg/L, TEC 0.125 mg/L. Susceptibility CLSI for viridans streptococci. | Empiric: CRO + GEN + RIF Directed: TEC Changed: CRO monotherapy (40d) Aortic and mitral replacement | Heart failure (Alive) |
Heras Cañas et al. 2015 | Spain | 68 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, HTN, dyslipidaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma in remission, AV block. | Fever, Dyspnoea (10) | NI | TTE: mitral vegetations (NI). Laboratories: Leucocytosis, elevate CRP. | LG: MS and 16S rRNA PCR | Streptococci breakpoints: S: CTX: 0.38 µg/ml, ERY: 0.25 mg/dl, VAN 1 µg/ml, LVX 1.5 µg/ml, VAN, AMP, CTX, OXA. I: PEN-I MIC 0.75 µg/ml, R: CLI 1 µg/ml. | Empiric: DAP + AMP + CRO Directed: DAP+AMP + CRO + GEN (NI) + Valve replacement | AKI, Aortic valve dehiscence (Alive) |
Igneri et al. 2015 | USA | 83 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, Recent dental intervention, CHF, CLL, Prostate cancer, Coarctation of aorta, CABG | Malaise, fever, vomit, headache, cough, myalgia, diaphoresis (7) | NI | TTE: Could not exclude vegetations, Labs: Leucocytosis, Elevated CRP | NI | NI | Empiric: AMP + GEN Directed: CTX + GEN (42d) Valve surgery | No complication, (Alive) |
Ortiz et al. 2014 | Spain | 70 | F | No risk factors or comorbidities | Dyspnoea (NI) | Holosystolic murmur, fever | TTE: mitral vegetation (NI) Labs: Leucocytosis and elevated CRP | NI | S: CTX, CIP, ERY, DAP, VAN. | Empiric: AMC + GEN Directed: VAN monotherapy (42d) valve surgery | No complications (Alive) |
 | Spain | 77 | F | Colorectal cancer, HTN, CLL | Back pain, fever (2) | Purpuric lesions in extremities, fever | TEE: mitral and aortic vegetation (NI) Labs: NI | NI | S: PEN, AMC, CIP, VAN. | AMP + GEN (NI) No valve surgery | AKI, Heart failure (Died) |
Tsur et al. 2014 | Israel | 76 | M | Raw fish, Prosthetic aortic valve, CHF, AF, DM 2, HTN, Oesophageal carcinoma. | Constipation, fever (NI) | Fever, Tachycardia, Systolic murmur. | TEE: Vegetation biologic prosthetic valve (NI) Labs: Leucocytosis | Lactococcus: API 32 strep kita, 16S rRNA PCR | S: CRO and GEN. I: PEN R: CLI | Empiric: CRO Directed: CRO+ GEN (NI) No valve replacement | No complications (Alive) |
Rasmussen et al. 2014 | Sweden | 81 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, rectal diverticulosis, CAD, CABG, AF | Malaise, headache, dysphasia (NI) | Fever, systolic murmur. | TEE: vegetations mitral valve and prosthetic valve (NI) Labs: Elevated CRP | LG: Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR | PEN: 0.5 mg/L, TOB: 2 mg/L. | PEN + TOB (28d) No valve replacement | Subdural hematoma (Alive) |
Navas et al. 2013 | USA | 64 | M | Previous mitral valve repair, Dental intervention, CAD, Cardiac defibrillator, DM2, COPD | Fatigue, weight loss, hyporexia, weakness, fever (NI) | NI | Echo not specified: Aortic vegetations | LG: Vitek 2Â¥, 16S rRNA PCR and MS Wrong ID: Microscanb | Streptococcus breakpoints: I: PEN and AMP R: CLI | VAN monotherapy (42d) Aortic valve replacement. Removal of pacemaker | Intracardiac device infection (Alive) |
Fleming et al. 2012 | USA | 68 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, NHL in remission. Colonic polyps | Migratory arthralgias, dyspnoea, hyporexia, fatigue, weight loss, fever (21) | Systolic ejection murmur. Splinter haemorrhage in nails of left hand | Echo not specified: Vegetation mitral valve. (NI) Labs: Elevated CRP and ESR Colonoscopy: Colonic polyps | LG: Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR | Breakpoints for VGS: S: VAN, SAM, CRO, TZP R: AMP, GEN, CLI. | Empiric: AMP + GEN Directed: VAN monotherapy (42d) No valve replacement | No information of complications (Died) |
Russo et al. 2012 | Italy | 63 | M | Ascending aorta and aortic valve replacement, previous endocarditis, HTN. | Fever, chills, Pharyngodini, weakness. (7) | Systolic murmur, hepatomegaly | TEE: mitral vegetation (NI) Labs: Elevated CRP | LG: API 32b, Vitek 2¥, 16S rRNA PCR | EUCAST Streptococci breakpoint: S: ERY/S: 0.125 μg/ml, CTX 0.5 μg/ml LVX: 0.5 μg/ml, AMP: 0.25 μg/ml, AMC: 0.5 μg/ml, CIP: 0.75 μg/ml, DAP: 0.125 μg/ml, GEN: 2 μg/ml VAN: 2 μg/ml TEC: 0.5 μg/ml I: PEN: 2 μg/ml R: CLI: > 64 μg/ml, RIF > 64 µg/ml | Empiric: VAN + GEN Directed: AMP monotherapy (14d) No valve replacement | No complications (Alive) |
Watanabe et al. 2011 | Japan | 55 | F | No risk factors or comorbidities | Malaise, myalgia, fever (60) | Systolic murmur, painful black induration in finger. | TEE: Mitral vegetation (10 mm) Labs: No leucocytosis Elevated CRP | LG: Rapid ID32 Strep. a, 16S rRNA | E test: (AB Biodisk, Dalvagen, Solna, Sweden): ERY 0.25 mg/L, CLI: > 256, VAN: 0.38 mg/L, LZD: 2 mg/L, PEN 0.5 mg/L, CRO 0.38 1mg/L, GEN: 1.5 mg/L, STR: 64 mg/L | Empiric: PEN + GEN. Directed: CRO + GEN (63d) No valve surgery | Septic embolism, stroke, aspirative pneumonia (Alive) |
Zuily et al. 2011 | France | 64 | F | Mitral valve prosthesis, fresh seafood, Pacemaker, Hepatitis C cirrhosis, | Fever (NI) | Fever, Murmur. | TEE: Mitral vegetations (NI) Labs: Elevated CRP and ESR. Leucocytosis | LG: PCR | NI | AMX + GEN (42d) no surgery | No complications (Alive) |
Wilbring et al. 2011 | Germany | 55 | M | Fish farmer, mechanical tricuspid valve prosthesis, periodontitis | Chills, fever, dyspnoea (14) | Murmur | TEE: Mechanical prosthetic valve vegetation (7x9mm) Labs: Leucocytosis and elevated CRP | NI | NI | Inpatient: GEN + VAN + RIF ambulatory: LVX + AMC (56d) No valve replacement | No complications (Alive) |
Hirakawa et al. 2011 | Brazil | 58 | F | Mitral prosthetic valve, fish and cheese often. Dental prosthesis and recent gingival perforation. DM 2, HTN, Dyslipidaemia | Fever, chills, diaphoresis, erythematous nodules in hands and legs, myalgia, weakness. (6) | Fever, Osler nodes on left hand and legs. | TEE: No vegetations Labs: Elevated CRP and ESR no leucocytosis. | LG: Not specified biochemical tests. PCR. | S: PEN, GEN, VAN. R CLI | VAN monotherapy (28d) No valve surgery | No complications (Alive) |
Li et al. 2008 | Taiwan | 41 | M | No risk factors or comorbidities | Slurred speech (1) | Right hemiplegia loss of right body sensation, right positive Babinski sign, murmur, fever | TEE: Mitral vegetation and rupture of chordae tendineae (NI) Labs: Leucocytosis and elevated CRP | LG: Vitek 2¥, Automated Pheonixc, 16S rRNA PCRe | I: PEN: 0.75 µg/ml. | PEN + GEN (30d) Valve replacement | Septic emboli, stroke, shock (Alive) |
Yiu et al. 2007 | China | 67 | M | Heart rheumatic disease, previous endocarditis, eats fresh fish, AF | Chills, fever (21) | Fever, mitral regurgitation murmur | TEE: Mitral vegetation (10x1mm) Labs: Elevated ESR Neutrophilia | NI | NI | AMP monotherapy (42d) Valve replacement | Partial rupture of mitral valve (Alive) |
Wang et al. 2006 | Taiwan | 72 | M | Kidney stones, mitral valve prolapse. Raw fish consumption, gastric ulcer | Fever, purpuric leg lesions (14) | Systolic murmur. | Echo not specified: Severe mitral regurgitation, prolapse of posterior mitral valve, echogenic mass on the posterior mitral valve Labs: No leucocytosis. Endoscopy: Gastric ulcer | LG: ID32 STREP; BioMérieux, Hazelwood, MO, USA, 16S rRNA PCR | NI | PEN + GEN (42d) | No complications (Alive) |
Vinh et al. 2006 | Canada | 80 | M | DM2, Hyperlipidaemia, CAD, CHF | Dyspnoea, epigastric discomfort. (NI) | Midsystolic murmur | TEE: Aortic vegetations (24 mm) Labs: NI | Wrong ID: API 20d (L. lactis), Vitek 2¥(Enterococcus), 16S rRNA PCR | CLSI Enterococcus spp. breakpoints: S: PEN, CIP, OFX, LVX, TET, VAN. CLSI Streptococcus spp. breakpoints: S: AMP, VAN, GEN I: PEN R: CLI | Empiric inpatient: AMP Ambulatory: PEN and then switched to AMP again. Monotherapy (56d) Valve replacement | No complications (Alive) |
Fihman et al. 2005 | France | 86 | M | Prosthetic aortic valve, Cholecystectomy. | Fever, right hip pain (21) | Fever, respiratory distress | TEE: Aortic vegetation (10 mm) Labs: Leucocytosis and elevated CRP. | LG: API 32a, 16S rRNA PCR | E test: MIC: PEN: 0.75 μg/ml, AMX: 0.5 μg/ml CTX: 0.38 μg/ml, VAN: 1.5 μg/ml, TEC: 0.38 μg/ml, CLI >8 µg/ml | Inpatient: AMX + GEN Ambulatory: AMX monotherapy (49d) Valve repair | No complications (Alive) |
James et al. 2000 | UK | 56 | F | Aortic valve prosthesis | Low back pain, chills, night sweat, weight loss, hyporexia (63) | Low back tenderness, splinter haemorrhages In nails, murmur | TTE: No vegetations Labs: Elevated ESR and CRP. No leucocytosis | LG: API Strep f | With streptococci reference laboratory (Respiratory and systemic reference laboratory London UK). | Empiric: VAN Directed: TEC monotherapy (56d) | Osteomyelitis (Alive) |
Fefer et al. 1998 | USA | 84 | F | Pacemaker for heart block, Aortic valve prosthesis, omeprazole, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ITP, hypothyroidism. | Hyporexia, weakness, dyspnoea (NI) | Holosystolic murmur, bilateral pulmonary rales | TEE: Ruptured chordae tendineae. Labs: Leucocytosis. Negative colonoscopy. | LG: Biochemical tests. | NCCLS Staphylococcus spp. breakpoints: S: VAN, AMP, CRO | Empiric: AMP + GEN Directed: CRO monotherapy (NI) | Intracranial haemorrhage, Rupture of chordae tendineae (Died) |