Epidemiological and genetic characterization of pH1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses circulated in MENA region during 2009–2017

Table 7 Amino acid substitutions identified in the HA of H3N2 viruses sequenced during 2009–2017. Amino acid substitutions were identified in comparison to A/Brisbane/10/2007. Bordered amino acids indicate substitutions in receptor binding site. Deleterious mutations were predicted by online server PROVEAN and are indicated in bold. Only one HA sequence was deposited from MENA countries during 2010 hence this year was excluded from mutation and glycosylation analysis

Reference strain		AA substitution		Antigenic Site	2009 (%)	2011 (%)	2012 (%)	2013 (%)	2014 (%)	2015 (%)	2016 (%)	2017 (%)
Brisbane/2007	HA1	L3I						7	5	85	64	100
		Q33R					9	19	80	93	68	100
		S45 N				23	5	69	90	96	83	100
		T48I				23	5	54	87.5	91	72	100
		D53N		C1		9	32	30.7		4	4	20
		E50R							10
		Q75H							10
		N81K		E2			8				6
		Y94H				9	38		12.5		4
		N121K		A1						4	25.5	80
		T128A						31	72.5	6	12.7
		R142	G	A3		9	2	30	72	10	12.7	30
		R142	K	A3			13.5				12.7	10
		N144	S	A3					5	87	40	60
		N144	K	A3							21	30
		N145S		A3		59	48.5	100	100	100	100	100
		L157S		B1	4	4		15	17.5	4	6
		F159	Y	B1					15	87	62	100
		F159	S	B1					15		8
		K160 T		B1						83	53	90
		N171K								6	19	60
		N189K		B2	73	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
		A198S				77	43	61.5	100	91	83	100
		T212A		D	63.6	95	100	84	100	91	85	100
		V223I				91	46	84	100	100	85	100
		N225D							20	89	68	100
		R261Q						15			8	20
		N278K		C2		9		54	97	93	74	100
		E280A				4	38				4
		Q311H							7	85	59	60
		N312S			82	91	62	69	100	100	91	100
	HA2	V347	M			9		23	15
		V347	K			22			40	4
		G484E								2	27.5	50
		D487N				59	43	23
		D489N			9	13		15	12	87	64	100
Total number of substitutions/years					5	17	16	19	23	25	28	23

ISSN: 1471-2334