Variables | Total (N = 273) | Patients with ART failure (Cases) (N = 91) | Patients without ART failure (Controls) (N = 182) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender-male | 149 (55%) | 52 (19%) | 97 (36%) |
Median age in years (IQR) | 40 (11) | 39 (10) | 40 (12) |
Religion | |||
 Orthodox Christian | 187 (69%) | 62 (23%) | 125 (46%) |
 Muslim | 160 (21%) | 20 (7%) | 37 (14%) |
 Protestant | 27 (10%) | 9 (3%) | 18 (7%) |
 Others | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1%) |
Marital status | |||
 Married | 160 (59%) | 47 (17%) | 113 (41%) |
 Not married | 113 (41%) | 44 (16%) | 69 (25%) |
Family size | |||
  ≤ 5 family members | 217 (80%) | 76 (28%) | 141 (52%) |
  > 5 family members | 54 (20%) | 13 (5%) | 41 (15%) |
Educational status | |||
 Illiterate | 39 (14%) | 12 (4%) | 27 (10%) |
 Literate | 234 (86%) | 79 (29%) | 155 (57%) |
Employment | |||
 Employed | 267 (98%) | 87 (32%) | 180 (66%) |
 Unemployed | 6 (2%) | 4 (1%) | 2 (1%) |
Residence area | |||
 Rural | 67 (25%) | 28 (10%) | 39 (14%) |
 Urban | 206 (76%) | 63 (23%) | 143 (52%) |
Khat** chewing | |||
 Yes | 10 (4%) | 4 (4%) | 6 (3%) |
 No | 263 (96%) | 87 (96%) | 176 (97%) |
Alcohol use | |||
 Yes | 7 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 6 (3%) |
 No | 266 (97%) | 90 (99%) | 176 (97%) |
Smoke cigarettes | |||
 Yes | 6 (2%) | 3 (3%) | 3 (2%) |
 No | 267 (98%) | 88 (97%) | 179 (98%) |
Main diet | |||
 Wheat or barley | 40 (15%) | 18 (20%) | 22 (12%) |
 Teff | 165 (60%) | 54 (60%) | 111 (61%) |
 Others | 68 (25%) | 19 (20%) | 49 (27%) |
Poor drug absorption | |||
 Main diet wheat or barley with diarrhea | 3 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 0 (0%) |
 Main diet wheat or barley without diarrhea | 37 (14%) | 15 (16%) | 22 (12%) |
Duration on ART median in months (IQR) | 69 (41) | 64 (39) | 72 (36) |
Baseline CD4 lymphocyte count | |||
  < 50 cells/mm3 | 33 (12%) | 20 (22%) | 13 (7%) |
  ≥ 50 cells/mm3 | 240 (88%) | 71 (78%) | 169 (93%) |
Baseline WHO HIV stage | |||
 Stage 1 | 26 (10%) | 8 (9%) | 18 (10%) |
 Stage 2 | 93 (34%) | 22 (24%) | 71 (39%) |
 Stage 3 | 140 (51%) | 52 (57%) | 88 (48%) |
 Stage 4 | 14 (5%) | 9 (10%) | 5 (3%) |
ART regimen | |||
 AZT based | 130 (48%) | 57 (63%) | 96 (53%) |
 TDF based | 143 (52%) | 34 (37%) | 86 (47%) |
TB treatment while taking ART | |||
 Never | 231 (85%) | 58 (64%) | 173 (95%) |
 Once | 33 (12%) | 26 (28%) | 7 (4%) |
 Two times | 8 (3%) | 6 (7%) | 2 (1%) |
 Three or more | 1 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
 Never discontinued ART | 212 (78%) | 49 (54%) | 163 (90%) |
Discontinued ART (by duration) | 61 (22%) | 42 (46%) | 19 (10%) |
  <  1 month | 32 (12%) | 23 (25%) | 9 (5%) |
  >  1 month | 29 (10%) | 19 (21%) | 10 (5%) |
Missed ART follow-up | |||
 Never | 233 (85%) | 70 (77%) | 163 (89.5%) |
 Sometimes | 32 (12%) | 14 (15%) | 18 (10%) |
 Often | 8 (3%) | 7 (8%) | 1 (0.5%) |
Repeated or persistent diarrhea | |||
 Yes | 24 (9%) | 16 (18%) | 8 (4%) |
 No | 249 (91%) | 75 (82%) | 174 (96%) |
Psychiatric illness | |||
 Yes | 10 (4%) | 6 (7%) | 4 (2%) |
 No | 263 (96%) | 85 (93%) | 178 (98%) |
Dyspepsia | |||
 Yes | 82 (30%) | 31 (34%) | 51 (28%) |
 No | 191 (70%) | 60 (66%) | 131 (72%) |
Diabetic | |||
 Yes | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
 No | 272 (99.6%) | 90 (99%) | 182 (100%) |
Hypertensive | |||
 Yes | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2%) |
 No | 270 (99%) | 91 (100%) | 179 (98%) |
Stool H. pylori antigen positive | |||
 Yes | 64 (23%) | 18 (20%) | 46 (25%) |
 No | 209 (77%) | 73 (80%) | 136 (75%) |
HBsAg positive | |||
 Yes | 12 (4%) | 3 (3%) | 9 (5%) |
 No | 261 (96%) | 88 (97%) | 173 (95%) |
Anti-HCV positive | |||
 Yes | 5 (2%) | 1 (1%) | 4 (2%) |
 No | 268 (98%) | 90 (99%) | 174 (96%) |
VRDL positive | |||
 Yes | 56 (20%) | 13 (14%) | 43 (24%) |
 No | 217 (80%) | 78 (86%) | 139 (76%) |