Table 1 Risk factors of infections with EIEC and Shigella, and culture-positive and culture-negative shigellosis
Risk factors | EIECa, b (n = 32) | Shigella spp.a (n = 254) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | Culture +/ PCR + a, b (n = 244) | Culture - / PCR + (n = 167) | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariate OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex of patient (female) | 44% | 46% | 0.91 (0.43–1.91) | 46% | 53% | 0.76 (0.50–1.16) | ||
Age of patient (mean ± sd) | 36.0 ± 20.4 | 38.9 ± 18.5 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 38.7 ± 18.8 | 41.1 ± 19.3 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | ||
Living in multi-person household | 78% | 74% | 1.37 (0.57–3.33) | 75% | 80% | 0.89 (0.58–1.35) | ||
Co-infection with other enteric pathogen | 28% | 13% | 2.72 (1.15–6.38) | 12% | 11% | 1.04 (0.54–1.99) | ||
Bacterial load (Ct-value, mean ± sd) | 22.9 ± 4.6 | 25.3 ± 4.8 | 0.90 (0.86–0.94) | 0.88 (0.84–0.93) | ||||
Species (S. flexneri) | 31% | 55% | 0.36 (0.23–0.55) | 0.32 (0.19–0.54) | ||||
Effect underlying disease/use of medication | ||||||||
Higher infection risk | 3% | 20% | 0.18 (0.03–0.91) | 21% | 17% | 1.31 (0.82–2.08) | ||
More severe course | 13% | 7% | 1.90 (0.69–5.20) | 7% | 6% | 1.28 (0.65–2.55) | ||
Higher infection risk + more severe course | 9% | 10% | 1.04 (0.35–3.07) | 9% | 11% | 0.82 (0.46–1.46) | ||
Unknown effect | 13% | 6% | 2.25 (0.81–6.24) | 7% | 11% | 0.71 (0.39–1.31) | ||
Travel history | 88% | 60% | 4.62 (1.57–13.57) | 57% | 83% | 0.26 (0.16–0.43) | 0.40 (0.20–0.78) | |
Regions: | ||||||||
South America | 13% | 4% | 3.07 (1.04–9.04) | 3% | 5% | 0.65 (0.25–1.69) | ||
Central America | 13% | 6% | 1.73 (0.62–4.79) | 5% | 5% | 0.95 (0.41–2.19) | ||
Asia | 34% | 17% | 1.77 (0.85–3.67) | 12% | 26% | 0.45 (0.26–0.77) | ||
Africa | 25% | 28% | 0.79 (0.36–1.71) | 30% | 44% | 0.65 (0.41–1.01) | ||
Europe | 3% | 6% | 0.49 (0.09–2.78) | 5% | 2% | 2.53 (0.84–7.68) | ||
Source of infection (suspected by patient): | ||||||||
Contaminated food/water | 53% | 26% | 3.04 (1.44–6.42) | 3.04 (1.44–6.42) | 27% | 64% | 0.33 (0.23–0.48) | 0.38 (0.24–0.61) |
MSM contact | 3% | 22% | 0.21 (0.05–0.98) | 0.21 (0.05–0.98) | 24% | 7% | 2.84 (1.65–4.90) | 3.22 (1.70–6.09) |
Unknown | 38% | 45% | 1.25 (0.58–2.71) | 1.25 (0.58–2.71) | 42% | 20% | 1.70 (1.14–2.54) | 1.85 (1.17–2.92) |
Infection occupation related | 9% | 4% | 1.64 (0.83–3.25) | 3% | 8% | 0.62 (0.38–1.03) | ||