Table 2 Factors associated with overall mortality
Factors | Total (n = 380) n (%) | Alive (n = 310) n (%) | Dead (n = 70) n (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean ± SD | 49.5 ± 17.4 | 59.9 ± 17.8 | < 0.001 | |
Male gender | 241 (63.4) | 206 (66.5) | 35 (50.0) | 0.011 |
Type of heart involvement | ||||
Native valve | 309 (81.3) | 258 (83.2) | 51 (72.9) | 0.047 |
PVE + DRIE | 71 (18.7) | 52 (16.8) | 19 (27.1) | |
Mode of acquisition of IE | ||||
Community-acquired | 321 (84.5) | 276 (89.0) | 45 (64.3) | |
Healthcare-associated | 59 (15.5) | 34 (11.0) | 25 (35.7) | < 0.001 |
Comorbid disease | 187 (49.2) | 137 (44.2) | 50 (71.4) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 91 (23.9) | 61 (19.7) | 30 (42.9) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 57 (15.0) | 34 (11) | 23 (32.9) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 38 (10.0) | 26 (8.4) | 12 (17.1) | 0.031 |
End-stage renal disease | 21 (5.5) | 11 (3.5) | 10 (14.3) | 0.001 |
Cancer | 21 (5.5) | 19 (6.1) | 2 (2.9) | 0.29 |
Coronary artery disease | 16 (4.2) | 11 (3.5) | 5 (7.1) | 0.185 |
IE characteristic | ||||
Definite IE | 252 (66.3) | 206 (66.5) | 46 (65.7) | 0.906 |
Possible IE | 128 (33.7) | 104 (33.5) | 24 (34.3) | |
Complication at diagnosis | 229 (60.3) | 173 (55.8) | 56 (80.0) | < 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 145 (38.2) | 111 (35.8) | 34 (48.6) | 0.048 |
Arrhythmia | 8 (2.1) | 4 (1.3) | 4 (5.7) | 0.033 |
Neurological | 67 (17.6) | 47 (15.2) | 20 (28.6) | 0.009 |
Other | 46 (12.1) | 33 (10.6) | 13 (18.6) | 0.070 |
Abnormal echocardiograma | 324/372 (87.1) | 269/308 (87.3) | 55/64 (85.9) | 0.76 |
Affected valve | ||||
Mitral valve | 166 (51.1) | 139 (51.5) | 27 (49.1) | 0.747 |
Non-mitral valve | 159 (48.9) | 131 (48.5) | 28 (50.9) | |
Vegetation observedb | 287/372 (77.2) | 239/308 (77.6) | 48/64 (75.0) | 0.653 |
Size ≥1 cm | 118 (35.6) | 99 (36.7) | 19 (31.1) | 0.16 |
Multiple vegetations | 41 (12.4) | 14 (4.5) | 8 (13.1) | 0.58 |
Inappropriate empirical ABT | 57 (15.1) | 39 (12.7) | 18 (25.7) | 0.007 |
Positive hemoculturec | 311 (82.3) | 251 (81) | 60 (87.0) | 0.26 |
Streptococcus spp. | 189 (60.8) | 167 (66.5) | 22 (36.7) | |
Non-streptococcus | 122 (39.2) | 84 (33.5) | 38 (63.3) | < 0.001 |
Staphylococcus spp. | 69 (22.2) | 47 (18.7) | 22 (36.7) | |
Non-staphylococcus | 242 (77.8) | 204 (81.3) | 38 (63.3) | 0.002 |
Surgical treatment | 187 (49.2) | 168 (54.2) | 19 (27.1) | < 0.001 |
Complication during admission | 229 (60.3) | 159 (51.3) | 70 (100) | |
Neurological | 44 (11.6) | 20 (6.5) | 24 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 103 (27.1) | 63 (20.3) | 40 (57.1) | < 0.001 |
Arrhythmia | 60 (15.8) | 37 (11.9) | 23 (32.9) | < 0.001 |
Hospital-acquired infection | 90 (23.7) | 51 (16.5) | 39 (55.7) | < 0.001 |
Renal complication | 99 (26.1) | 63 (20.3) | 36 (51.4) | < 0.001 |
Other | 71 (18.7) | 40 (12.9) | 31 (44.3) | < 0.001 |