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Table 4 Characteristics associated with hemoglobin level over follow-up time in analyses (linear mixed-effect model); N = 15,126

From: Anemia risk factors among people living with HIV across the United States in the current treatment era: a clinical cohort study

Participant characteristics

Coeffa

95% CI

P-value

Age per 10 years

− 0.01

− 0.01, − 0.01

< 0.001

Female (ref male)

−1.68

− 1.74, − 1.62

< 0.001

Race/ethnicity (ref white)

 Black

−0.75

− 0.80, − 0.70

< 0.001

 Hispanic

− 0.15

− 0.21, − 0.08

< 0.001

 Other/missing

−0.13

− 0.23, − 0.03

0.011

Hepatitis C virus coinfection

− 0.21

−0.25, − 0.16

< 0.001

CD4 cell count (cells/mm3) (ref ≥500)

 350–499

−0.18

− 0.19, − 0.16

< 0.001

 200–349

−0.39

− 0.41, − 0.37

< 0.001

 100–199

−0.81

− 0.83, − 0.78

< 0.001

  < 100

−1.49

− 1.52, − 1.46

< 0.001

Viral load ≥400 copies/ml

−0.09

− 0.11, − 0.07

< 0.001

Kidney function (eGFR) (ref > 60)

 30–60

− 0.15

−0.16, − 0.13

< 0.001

  < 30

−1.11

− 1.15, − 1.07

< 0.001

ART use

− 0.03

−0.04, − 0.01

< 0.001

BMI (ref 18.5- < 25)

  < 18.5

−0.24

− 0.37, − 0.10

0.001

 25.0 to < 30.0

0.24

0.19, 0.29

< 0.001

  ≥ 30.0

0.16

0.10, 0.22

< 0.001

Self-reported smoking (ref never)

 Former

0.05

−0.01, 0.11

0.055

 Current

0.15

0.10, 0.20

< 0.001

Self-reported hazardous alcohol useb

0.13

0.09, 0.18

< 0.001

Self-reported illicit drug usec

−0.19

−0.24, − 0.14

< 0.001

  1. aCoefficient is the mean difference per year in hemoglobin (g/dL) for each variable after adjustment for all other covariates presented in the table
  2. b Hazardous alcohol use defined a score of ≥4 for women or ≥ 5 for men on the AUDIT-C scale
  3. c Use of cocaine/crack, methamphetamines/crystal, and/or illicit opioids
  4. Abbreviations: ART antiretroviral therapy, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate