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Table 1 Potential risk factors in the study population of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage status. A study among children in daycare centers in Arkhangelsk, Russia 2006, N = 438ª. The table displays the number of carriers, total number of examined children, carriage rates, confidence intervals (CI) and p-values

From: Epidemiological and molecular characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage strains in pre-school children in Arkhangelsk, northern European Russia, prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines

Risk factors

Variable

Number of carriers (total number of children)

Carriage rate % (95% CI)

P-valueb

Sex

Female

90 (214)

42.1 (35.4–48.7)

1.00

Male

78 (224)

34.8 (28.6–41.1)

0.14

Age, months

≤18

1 (12)

8.3 (7.30–24.0)

1.00

19 - ≤36

55 (109)

50.5 (41.1–59.8)

0.02

37 - ≤59

73 (188)

38.8 (31.6–45.8)

0.06

≥60

39 (129)

30.2 (22.3–38.2)

0.01

Birth weight, g

< 2500

11 (30)

36.7 (19.4–54.0)

1.00

≥2500

146 (384)

38.0 (33.1–42.9)

0.88

Birth height, cm

< 48

10 (20)

50.0 (28.1–71.9)

1.00

≥48

146 (397)

36.8 (32.0–41.5)

0.24

Breastfeeding

None or < 3 months

32 (62)

51.6 (39.2–64.1)

1.00

≥3 months

136 (208)

65.4 (58.9–71.8)

0.14

Living in Arkhangelsk since birth

Yes

152 (395)

38.5 (33.7–43.3)

1.00

No

11 (37)

29.7 (15.0–44.5)

0.38

Any disease within a month prior study

Yes

115 (302)

38.1 (32.6–43.4)

1.00

No

52 (131)

39.7 (31.3–48.1)

0.75

Average number of respiratory tract infections per year since birth

Never or rare

31 (88)

33.7 (23.9–43.5)

1.00

Less than 6 times per year

77(211)

37.5 (30.9–44.0)

0.76

More than 6 times per year

58 (135)

42.2 (33.8–50.6)

0.58

Regular medication

Yes

15 (36)

41.7 (25.6–57.8)

1.00

No

149 (394)

37.8 (33.0–42.6)

0.72

Highest education parent(s)

Secondary professional school or higher

225 (604)

37.3 (33.4–41.1)

1.00

Secondary, primary or non-specified

86 (207)

41.5 (34.8–48.3)

0.31

Sibling(s) < 5 years

Yes

28 (68)

41.2 (29.5–52.9)

1.00

No

137 (234)

58.5 (50.5–66.6)

0.06

Number of rooms

1–2

92 (262)

35.1 (29.3–40.9)

1.00

≥3

74 (173)

42.8 (35.4–50.2)

0.47

Passive smoking

Yes

111 (189)

58.7 (51.7–65.7)

1.00

No

48 (125)

38.4 (29.9–46.9)

0.12

  1. Values are number of subjects (%) if not otherwise stated
  2. ªNumber may vary due to missing data
  3. bConfidence intervals (CI) and p-values were calculated by two-tailed Fisher’s Exact Test
  4. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant