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Table 2 Association between HIV infection status and clinical outcomes of sickle cell disease

From: Association of HIV infection with clinical and laboratory characteristics of sickle cell disease

 

HIV-positive (n = 15)

HIV-negative (n = 60)

Effect-size measure (95% CI)a

P-value

Clinical manifestations

n (%)

  

Composite outcomes

Any SCD complications

 Yes

13(92.9)

45 (76.3)

HR = 4.6 (1.1–19.6)

0.04

 No

1(7.1)

14 (23.7)

  

HIV-related complications

 Yes

13 (92.9)

40 (67.8)

HR = 7.7 (1.5–40.2)

0.02

 No

1(7.1)

19 (32.2)

  

Any infectionsb

 Yes

11(78.6)

32 (57.1)

HR = 3.5 (0.92–13.4)

0.07

 No

3 (21.4)

24 (42.9)

  

Single outcomes

Acute chest syndrome/pneumoniab

 Yes

11 (78.6)

31 (57.4)

HR = 2.12 (0.56–8.2)

0.27

 No

3 (21.4)

23 (42.6)

  

Cholecystitisb

 Yes

0 (0)

2 (3.4)

 

> 0.99c

 No

15 (100)

57 (96.6)

  

Sepsis/Bacteremia

 Yes

1 (6.7)

1 (1.7)

 

0.36c

 No

14 (93.3)

59 (98.3)

  

Splenic sequestration

 Yes

1 (6.7)

4 (6.8)

 

> 0.99c

 No

14 (93.3)

55 (93.2)

  

Chronic renal failure

 Yes

1(6.7)

3 (5)

 

> 0.99c

 No

14 (93.3)

57 (95)

  

Pyelonephritis

 Yes

1 (6.7)

0 (0)

 

0.20c

 No

14 (93.3)

60 (100)

  

Osteomyelitis

 Yes

0 (0)

1 (1.7)

 

> 0.99c

 No

15 (100)

57 (98.3)

  

Avascular necrosis

 Yes

2 (13.3)

11 (18.3)

 

> 0.99c

 No

13 (86.7)

49 (81.7)

  

Ischemic stroke

 Yes

2 (13.3)

4 (6.7)

 

0.59c

 No

13 (86.7)

56 (93.3)

  

Hemorrhagic stroke

 Yes

1 (6.7)

0 (0)

 

0.20c

 No

14 (93.3)

60 (100)

  

Abnormal TCDb

 Yes

1(25)

2 (11.1)

HR = 1.14 (0.10–12.7)

0.92

 No

3 (75)

16 (88.9)

  

Proliferative sickle retinopathyb

 Yes

0 (0)

9 (25)

 

0.3c

 No

6 (100)

27 (75)

  

Priapism (males)b

 Yes

0 (0)

2 (7.1)

 

> 0.99c

 No

7 (100)

26 (92.9)

  

Leg ulcers

 Yes

1 (6.7)

7 (11.7)

HR = 1.27 (0.13–12.4)

0.84

 No

14 (93.3)

53 (88.3)

  

Pulmonary hypertensionb

 Yes

1 (20)

2 (6.5)

 

0.37c

 No

4 (80)

29 (93.5)

  

Ischemic stroke/abnormal TCD

 Yes

3 (20)

5 (8.5)

HR = 2.4 (0.39–14.3)

0.34

 No

12 (80)

54 (91.5)

  

Hospitalizations in previous year

 Yes

4 (26.7)

18 (30)

IRR = 0.5 (0.2–1.0)

0.05

 No

11 (73.3)

42 (70)

  

Sickle cell pain in previous year

 Yes

2 (13.3)

14 (23.3)

IRR = 0.3 (0.1–1.4)

0.13

 No

13 (86.7)

46 (76.7)

  
  1. aThe result of the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was presented as a priority stratified by matched group; due to insufficient number of events, the cox proportional-hazards model did not fit, and no effect-size measure was presented. bvariables with missing values. cFisher exact test. CI confidence interval; SCD sickle cell disease; TCD transcranial Doppler; HR hazard ratio; IRR incidence risk ratio; “Any SCD complication” was defined as the presence of any of the following complications during the patient’s lifetime: acute chest syndrome, cholecystitis, sepsis/bacteremia, meningitis, splenic sequestration, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis, avascular necrosis, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, abnormal transcranial Doppler (TCD), retinopathy, priapism, leg ulcers, vaso-occlusive episode, or pulmonary hypertension; “HIV-related complications” was defined as the presence of any of the following complications during the patient’s lifetime: pneumonia, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis, sepsis/bacteremia, meningitis, ischemic stroke, avascular necrosis, pulmonary hypertension, or chronic renal failure; “Any infections” was defined as the presence of any of the following complications during the patient’s lifetime: acute chest syndrome/pneumonia, pyelonephritis, osteomyelitis, sepsis/bacteremia, or meningitis
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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