Table 2 Fixed-effects coefficients and standard error of the mixed-effects model outputs based on the 1 km × 1 km and 5 km × 5 km resolution, respectively. The presented results are post-completion of the backward elimination of nonsignificant fixed effects. Variables without coefficients listed in the table were eliminated during the backwards elimination procedure for each model (each column). Variable descriptions are listed in Table 1

BuiltUp

0.047***

0.055***

0.053***

0.037**

0.034*

0.050**

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.016)

Sea

0.029*

(0.013)

StWtr

0.026*

0.032**

0.032**

(0.011)

(0.011)

(0.011)

\( T{\min}_{t,{d}_{T\min }} \)

0.027***

0.026***

0.026***

0.024*

0.023*

0.021*

(0.0073)

(0.0075)

(0.0074)

(0.0097)

(0.010)

(0.0098)

\( {V}_{t-1}^i \)

0.070***

0.113***

(0.0086)

(0.013)

\( {V}_{t-2}^i \)

0.040**

(0.013)

\( {N}_{t-1}^i \)

0.191***

0.196***

0.195***

0.331***

0.350***

0.0359***

(0.0083)

(0.0084)

(0.0083)

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.016)

\( {N}_{t-2}^i \)

0.214***

0.217***

0.217***

0.368***

0.398***

0.403***

(0.0082)

(0.0084)

(0.0082)

(0.017)

(0.017)

(0.016)

R²

0.265

0.265

0.262

0.733

0.728

0.727

Adj. R²

0.265

0.264

0.262

0.733

0.728

0.727

No. obs

13,532

13,035

13,532

2856

2772

2856