Table 1 Prevalence of HCV and HBV among the incarcerated PWID
Variables | Total | HCV (N = 589) | HBV (N = 37) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%)a (95% CI) | P-value | N (%)a (95% CI) | P-value | ||
Gender | |||||
Female | 12 | 3 (29.42) (7.41–68.46) | 0.527 | 1 (4.29) (0.36–35.71) | 0.598 |
Male | 1375 | 586 (40.70) (34.44–47.27) | 36 (2.43) (1.63–3.60) | ||
Age (Year) | |||||
< 30 | 216 | 55 (24.25) (14.14–38.37) | 0.004 | 6 (3.90) (1.72–8.61) | 0.240 |
≥ 30 | 1168 | 532 (43.64) (37.45–50.04) | 31 (2.18) (1.31–3.61) | ||
Missing | 3 | ||||
Marital Status | |||||
Single | 587 | 274 (45.79) (37.07–54.77) | 0.069 | 20 (3.12) (2.05–4.72) | 0.459 |
Divorced/widowed | 181 | 79 (40.08) (27.97–53.55) | 4 (1.99) (0.59–6.51) | ||
Married | 616 | 235 (36.48) (30.42–43.01) | 13 (2.02) (0.95–4.27) | ||
Missing | 3 | ||||
Level of educational | |||||
Illiterate /primary | 513 | 222 (41.26) (34.40–48.47) | 0.002 | 16 (2.66) (1.31–5.35) | 0.893 |
Junior high school / Diploma | 819 | 354 (41.28) (35.15–47.68) | 19 (2.22) (1.44–3.42) | ||
University education | 53 | 11 (18.07) (8.85–33.37) | 2 (4.22) (0.79–19.69) | ||
Missing | 2 | ||||
History of imprisonment | |||||
No | 227 | 85 (37.69) (30.18–45.84) | 0.393 | 5 (2.11) (0.54–7.84) | 0.775 |
Yes | 1153 | 502 (41.23) (34.15–48.69) | 32 (2.55) (1.68–3.85) | ||
Missing | 7 | ||||
Number of incarcerations | |||||
1–2 | 453 | 161 (32.51) (24.92–41.14) | < 0.001 | 12 (2.41) (1.08–5.30) | 0.264 |
3–4 | 341 | 159 (44.78) (36.46–53.40) | 14 (3.90) (2.35–6.41) | ||
≥ 5 | 355 | 179 (48.24) (39.52–57.06) | 6 (1.50) (0.49–4.53) | ||
Missing | 4 | ||||
Prison term in the lifetime | |||||
≤ 5 | 607 | 238 (36.51) (27.98–45.98) | < 0.001 | 16 (2.08) (1.13–3.80) | 0.331 |
> 5 | 241 | 128 (52.77) (46.10–59.34) | 8 (3.75) (1.42–9.50) | ||
Missing | 305 | ||||
History of tattooing in the lifetime | |||||
No | 412 | 146 (35.70) (29.21–42.77) | 0.013 | 11 (2.22) (1.26–3.87) | 0.744 |
Yes | 972 | 442 (42.71) (35.88–49.83) | 25 (2.49) (1.48–4.18) | ||
Missing | 3 | ||||
History of tattooing in prison | |||||
No | 532 | 241 (39.87) (32.36–47.89) | 0.365 | 14 (2.63) (1.48–4.62) | 0.827 |
Yes | 433 | 196 (45.08) (35.41–55.14) | 11 (2.40) (1.10–5.18) | ||
Missing | 7 | ||||
History of piercing in the lifetime | |||||
No | 681 | 259 (36.16) (29.48–43.42) | 0.005 | 12 (1.56) (0.67–3.55) | 0.635 |
Yes | 700 | 329 (45.17) (38.36–52.18) | 25 (3.39) (2.40–4.78) | ||
Missing | 6 | ||||
History of piercing in prison | |||||
No | 582 | 274 (44.45) (37.80–51.31) | 0.846 | 22 (3.70) (2.44–5.58) | 0.262 |
Yes | 109 | 50 (45.70) (33.32–58.64) | 2 (1.60) (0.43–5.83) | ||
Missing | 9 | ||||
History of extramarital sex in the lifetime | |||||
No | 332 | 123 (32.31) (23.97–41.94) | 0.070 | 7 (1.81) (0.60–5.36) | 0.440 |
Yes | 944 | 414 (43.10) (34.95–51.64) | 26 (2.76) (1.81–4.18) | ||
Missing | 111 | ||||
Number of heterosexual/ homosexual partners in the lifetime | |||||
1 | 112 | 43 (34.17) (25.61–43.89) | 0.216 | 4 (3.22) (1.05–9.47) | 0.216 |
2–3 | 448 | 216 (45.98) (34.45–57.96) | 14 (2.96) (1.71–5.08) | ||
> 3 | 295 | 114 (37.06) (25.78–49.95) | 3 (0.95) (0.41–2.19) | ||
Missing | 89 | ||||
Condom use in extramarital sex | |||||
Never | 204 | 85 (39.04) (27.25–52.28) | 0.325 | 5 (1.88) (0.74–4.71) | 0.277 |
Sometime | 519 | 257 (42.81) (34.17–51.92) | 19 (3.24) (1.98–5.26) | ||
Always | 139 | 68 (48.39) (37.85–59.07) | 2 (1.39) (0.34–5.50) | ||
Missing | 10 | ||||
History of STD b in the last year | |||||
No | 1275 | 538 (40.09) (34.20–46.28) | 0.193 | 34 (2.47) (1.57–3.84) | 0.983 |
Yes | 110 | 50 (47.97) (33.94–62.32) | 3 (2.43) (0.78–7.37) | ||
Missing | 2 | ||||