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Table 1 Clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters of patients in the survival and non-survival groups at admission

From: A nomogramic model based on clinical and laboratory parameters at admission for predicting the survival of COVID-19 patients

Clinical features

Total (n = 262)

Survival (n = 134)

Non-survival (n = 128)

P-value

Adjusted RR (95%CI)†

P-value

Age, years

67 (59, 73.25)

62.5 (51.75, 68.25)

70.5 (65, 78)

< 0.001*

0.905 (0.868, 0.944)

< 0.001*

Gender

   

0.202

  

 Female%

119 (45.4%)

66 (49.3%)

53 (41.4%)

   

 Male%

143 (54.6%)

68 (50.7%)

75 (58.6%)

   

Smoking

14 (5.3%)

3 (2.2%)

11 (8.6%)

0.022*

  

Alcohol drinking

7 (2.7%)

2 (1.5%)

5 (3.9%)

0.226

  

Illness to length of stay, days

10 (5, 14)

10 (5, 14)

10 (7, 13)

0.962

  

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

121 (46.2%)

50 (37.3%)

71 (55.5%)

0.003*

  

 Diabetes

56 (21.4%)

24 (17.9%)

32 (25%)

0.162

  

 Cardiovascular disease

45 (17.2%)

12 (9%)

33 (25.8%)

< 0.001*

0.045 (0.010, 0.205)

< 0.001*

 COPD

7 (2.7%)

1 (0.7%)

6 (4.7%)

0.061

  

 Chronic kidney disease

10 (3.8%)

4 (3%)

6 (4.7%)

0.533

  

 Tumor

11 (4.2%)

3 (2.2%)

8 (6.2%)

0.106

  

 Nervous system disease

15 (6.5%)

5 (3.7%)

12 (9.4%)

0.064

  

 Other

42 (16%)

25 (18.7%)

17 (13.3%)

0.236

  

Temperature at admission, oC

38.5 (38, 39)

38.5 (38, 39)

38.6 (38, 39)

0.430

  

Duration of fever, day

10 (5, 14)

10 (5, 14)

10 (6.5, 12)

0.867

  

Respiratory rate at admission, rate/min

20 (20, 25)

20 (20, 23)

22 (20, 30)

< 0.001*

  

SpO2 at admission,%

90 (80, 96)

96 (92, 98)

83 (70, 91)

< 0.001*

  

Symptoms

 Fever

208 (79.4%)

108 (80.6%)

100 (78.1%)

0.621

  

 Cough

190 (72.5%)

98 (73.1%)

92 (71.9%)

0.819

  

 Expectoration

79 (30.2%)

47 (35.1%)

32 (25%)

0.076

  

 Pharyngalgia

10 (3.8%)

7 (5.2%)

3 (2.3%)

0.336

  

 Vomit

10 (3.8%)

4 (3%)

6 (4.7%)

0.533

  

 Poor appetite

115 (43.9%)

65 (48.5%)

50 (39.1%)

0.124

  

 Muscular soreness

24 (9.1%)

12 (8.8%)

12 (9.4%)

0.876

  

 Diarrhea

17 (6.5%)

11 (8.2%)

6 (4.7%)

0.247

  

 Headache

7 (2.7%)

5 (3.7%)

2 (1.6%)

0.448

  

 Shortness of breath

143 (54.6%)

60 (44.8%)

79 (61.7%)

0.001*

  

 Weakness

155 (57%)

82 (61.2%)

73 (57%)

0.493

  

Severity of disease at admission

   

0.191

  

 Non-severe

111 (42.4%)

62 (46.3%)

49 (38.3%)

   

 Severe

151 (57.6%)

72 (53.7%)

79 (61.7%)

   

Positive nucleic acid before admission

73 (29%)

36 (26.9%)

37 (31.4%)

0.433

  

Positive nucleic acid at admission

99 (37.8%)

49 (49.5%)

50 (39.1%)

0.677

  

Laboratory parameter

 White blood cell, ×109/L

6.5 (4.5, 10.2)

5.6 (3.9, 7.42)

8.85 (5.67, 12.9)

< 0.001*

  

 Lymphocyte, ×109/L

0.7 (0.41, 1.0)

0.8 (0.6, 1.15)

0.66 (0.3, 0.8)

< 0.001*

  

 LYM percentage, %

10 (5.4, 20.525)

16.5 (8.8, 26.2)

6.4 (3.45, 10.25)

< 0.001*

1.125 (1.041, 1.216)

0.0029*

 Blood platelet, ×109/L

188 (137, 246)

216.5 (157.5, 265.7)

169 (111, 229)

0.001*

1.008 (1.003, 1.012)

0.001*

 Hemoglobin, g/L

126 (117, 137)

126 (117.75, 137.25)

124 (115.5, 137)

0.436

  

 CRP, mg/L

36.45 (17.54, 101.5)

31.98 (7.52, 37.93)

61.76 (35.52, 148.31)

< 0.001*

0.982 (0.973, 0.991)

< 0.001*

 PCT, ng/ml

0.083 (0.05, 0.20)

0.068 (0.039, 0.09)

0.237 (0.09, 0.60)

< 0.001*

  

 APTT, s

34.5 (30.4, 40.6)

34.3 (31.32, 41.1)

34.85 (29.97, 39.7)

0.603

  

 Fibrinogen, g/L

3.825 (2.85, 4.67)

3.75 (2.89, 4.73)

3.97 (2.81, 4.67)

0.841

  

 TT, s

15.3 (14.6, 16.29)

15.3 (14.5, 15.9)

15.3 (14.6, 16.6)

0.287

  

 PT, s

13.9 (12.85, 15.45)

13.9 (13.0, 15.05)

13.95 (11.95, 15.97)

0.932

  

 INR

1.14 (1.05, 1.3)

1.12 (1.04, 1.21)

1.2 (1.08, 1.61)

0.002*

  

 D-dimer, μg/mL

0.75 (0.205, 4.61)

0.31 (0.12, 1.3)

1.22 (0.51, 7.39)

< 0.001*

0.734 (0.617, 0.879)

< 0.001*

 CK, U/L

99.5 (59, 201.75)

87 (43, 173)

108.3 (72, 348)

0.065

  

 CK-MB, U/L

15.7 (11, 27)

14 (9, 19)

19 (13.72, 35.45)

< 0.001*

  

 a-HBDH, U/L

329.7 (223.1, 461.8)

268.3 (185.85, 364.2)

483.3 (279.75, 609.77)

< 0.001*

  

 cTnT, ng/mL

0.03 (0.014, 1.395)

0.014 (0.011, 0.022)

0.17 (0.041, 8.13)

< 0.001*

  

 BNP, pg/mL

199.4 (81.34, 874.3)

118.35 (67.88,280.6)

388.6 (145.2, 2262)

< 0.001*

  

 TBil, μmol/L

9.7 (7.1, 13.9)

8.7 (6.9, 11.3)

11.1 (7.8, 17.12)

< 0.001*

  

 DBil, μmol/L

3.9 (2.6, 6.47)

3.3 (2.4, 4.3)

5.05 (3.47, 9.3)

< 0.001*

  

 IBil, μmol/L

5.5 (3.8, 7.3)

5.3 (3.6, 7.1)

5.85 (3.87, 7.96)

0.186

  

 ALT, U/L

26.1 (17, 40)

25 (17, 36)

27.1 (18.15, 43.6)

0.151

  

 AST, U/L

32 (24, 49)

28 (22, 40)

38 (27.4, 61)

< 0.001*

  

 LDH, U/L

334 (236.9, 476)

269 (199, 382)

422 (294, 584.9)

< 0.001*

0.993 (0.990, 0.997)

< 0.001*

 Cr, μmol/l

75 (57.25, 94)

67 (56.4, 84.5)

83 (60, 108)

0.001*

  

 BUN, mmol/L

5.52 (4.14, 8.29)

4.78 (3.8, 6.51)

7.42 (4.48, 13.24)

< 0.001*

  

 Alb, g/L

31.7 (29.3, 35.7)

32.8 (30, 36.9)

31 (28.7, 33.95)

0.001*

  
  1. The data are expressed in median (interquartile range) or number (%), when appropriate
  2. Abbreviations: COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP C-reactive protein, PCT Procalcitonin, APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time, TT Thrombin time, PT Prothrombin time, INR International normalized ratio, CK Creatine kinase, CK-MB Creatine kinase isoenzyme, CTnT Troponin T, α-HBDH α-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, TBil Total bilirubin, IBil Indirect bilirubin, DBil Direct bilirubin, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, LDH Lactate dehydrogenase, Cr Creatinine, BUN Urea nitrogen, Alb Albumin, RR Relative risk
  3. *P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
  4. †, Variables with a P value of ≤0.1 in the univariate analyses were included in the log-binomial model and statistical data are not shown for variables that were not significant (i.e. P > 0.05) in the log-binomial model
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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