From: The influence of race in older adults with infective endocarditis
Patient characteristics and outcomes | White patients N = 7356 | Black patients N = 1089 | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | |||
Age (years) (mean ± SE) | 73.5 ± 0.2 | 70.5 ± 0.5 | < 0.01 |
Female, n (%) | 2692 (36.6) | 454 (41.7) | 0.15 |
Charlson comorbidity score, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||
0 | 1353 (18.4) | 84 (7.8) | |
1 | 1544 (21.0) | 194 (17.8) | |
2 | 1.449 (19.7) | 214 (19.7) | |
3 or more | 2993 (40.7) | 594 (54.6) | |
Comorbidities, (n%) | |||
Acute heart failure | 1,1,18 (15.2) | 184 (16.9) | 0.51 |
Acute renal failure | 1691 (23.0) | 284 (26.1) | 0.33 |
Candidemia | 22 (0.3) | 14 (1.3) | 0.19 |
Cardiogenic shock | 176 (2.4) | 64 (5.9) | 0.03 |
Complicated diabetes mellitus | 536 (7.3) | 154 (14.2) | < 0.01 |
Drug use | 117 (1.6) | 74 (6.8) | < 0.01 |
History of heart block | 397 (5.4) | 69 (6.4) | 0.59 |
Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 14 (0.2) | 14 (1.3) | 0.14 |
History of cerebral vascular accident | 1213 (16.5) | 199 (18.3) | 0.51 |
Sepsis | 926 (12.6) | 193 (17.8) | 0.47 |
Septic emboli | 684 (9.3) | 114 (10.5) | 0.59 |
History of valvular disease | 132 (1.8) | 24 (2.2) | 0.04 |
Median income in patient’s zip code, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||
$1–$38,999 | 1382 (18.8) | 440 (40.4) | |
$39,000–$47,999 | 1780 (24.2) | 279 (25.7) | |
$48,000–$62,999 | 1949 (26.5) | 228 (20.9) | |
$63,000 or more | 2228 (30.3) | 146 (13.4) | |
Insurance type, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||
Medicare | 5678 (77.2) | 815 (74.9) | |
Medicaid | 213 (2.9) | 81 (7.5) | |
Private | 1360 (18.5) | 180 (16.5) | |
Uninsured | 95 (0.1.3) | 10 (0.94) | |
Hospital bed size, n (%) | 0.09 | ||
Small | 1059 (14.4) | 100 (9.2) | |
Medium | 1964 (26.7) | 278 (25.6) | |
Large | 4325 (58.8) | 709 (65.1) | |
Hospital region, n (%) | 0.02 | ||
Northeast | 2118 (28.8) | 249 (22.9) | |
Midwest | 1493 (20.3) | 230 (21.1) | |
South | 2375 (32.3) | 464 (42.6) | |
West | 1353 (18.4) | 264 (15.6) | |
Teaching hospital, n(%) | < 0.01 | ||
Non-teaching | 926 (12.6) | 61 (5.6) | |
Teaching | 6429 (87.4) | 1028 (94.4) | |
Outcomes | |||
In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 448 (6.1) | 104 (9.6) | 0.09 |
AVR, n (%) | 750 (10.2) | 119 (11.0) | 0.7 |
MVR, n (%) | 698 (9.5) | 95 (8.7) | 0.66 |
TVR, n (%) | 44 (0.6) | 10 (0.9) | 0.6 |