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Table 4 Clinical characteristics of severely-symptomatic COVID-19 patients who survived and of COVID-19 patients who died in hospital

From: Vitamin D and COVID-19 severity and related mortality: a prospective study in Italy

 

Whole cohort (N = 103)

Surviving patients

(n = 84)

Non-surviving patients

(n = 19)

P-value

Age, years mean(SD)

66.12 (14.14)

64.72 (14.72)

72.32 (8.95)

0.006‡

Males N(%)

70 (68%)

57 (68%)

13 (68%)

0.962†

CV diseasesa N(%)

12 (12%)

11 (13%)

1 (5%)

0.458¥

At least 1 comorbidityb N(%)

63 (61%)

48 (57%)

15 (79%)

0.078†

 Obesity N (%)

20 (19%)

18 (21%)

2 (11%)

0.353¥

 Diabetes N (%)

19 (18%)

10 (12%)

9 (47%)

0.001¥

 Hypertension N (%)

52 (50%)

40 (48%)

12 (63%)

0.221†

25OHD ng/mL mean(SD)

18.2 (11.5)

19.3 (12.0)

13.2 (6.4)

0.0003‡

vitamin D deficiency (25OHD ≤20 ng/mL) N(%)

64 (62%)

51 (61%)

13 (68%)

0.532†

Creatinine μmol/L

median [IQR]

0.86 [0.72–1.04]

0.87 [0.74–1.03]

0.75 [0.62–1.25]

0.284ǂ

IL-6 pg/mL

median [IQR]

25.00

[13.00–51.00]

21.00

[10.45–45.90]

45.00

[28.00–99.00]

0.002ǂ

D-dimer ng/mL

median [IQR]

2482

[1697–3267]

2134

[1303–2965]

3947

[1782–6223]

0.08 ǂ

C-reactive Protein, nmol/L

median [IQR]

2.16

[0.78–8.21]

1.81

[0.69–5.55]

11.30

[4.78–21.71]

< 0.0001ǂ

Fibrinogen, g/L mean(SD)

482.3 (167.4)

475.5 (151.6)

512.6 (227.4)

0.505‡

Lactate dehydrogenase, mU/mL median [IQR]

260.00

[230.00–312.00]

252.00

[215.00–294.00]

330.00

[285.00–643.00]

< 0.0001ǂ

Leukocytes count, ×109/L

median [IQR]

7.90

[5.50–10.10]

7.80

[5.35–9.80]

8.60

[6.40–12.30]

0.136ǂ

Neutrophils count, × 109/L

median [IQR]

5.60

[3.30–7.40]

4.50

[3.20–6.80]

7.20

[5.60–9.90]

0.002ǂ

Lymphocytes count, ×109/L median [IQR]

1.50

[1.00–2.00]

1.50

[1.15–2.10]

1.10

[0.80–1.70]

0.029ǂ

Platelets count, ×109/L

median [IQR]

299.00

[228.00–378.50]

299.00

[228.00–378.50]

213.00

[139.00–308.00]

0.0015ǂ

  1. P-value are referred to the comparison between non-surviving patients and surviving patients
  2. acardiovascular disease: coronary heart disease, stroke, myocardial infarction; b at least 1 comorbidity: among obesity, diabetes, arterial hypertension. SD Standard Deviation, IQR interquartile range, ‡ = T-test, ǂ = Wilcoxon test, ¥ = Fisher test; † = Chi-square test
  3. Lactate dehydrogenase normal values: 8–300 mU/mL; Fibrinogen normal values: 2.0–4.0 mg/dL; Leukocyte normal values: 4.5–11.0 × 109/L; Neutrophil normal values: 1.5–8.0 × 109/L; Absolute Lymphocyte Count normal values: 0.9–2.9 × 109/L; Platelet normal values: 150–400 × 109/L