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Table 2 Distribution of all studied variables and their associations with the willingness to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine

From: Understanding the determinants of COVID-19 vaccination intention and willingness to pay: findings from a population-based survey in Bangladesh

Variables

Willingness to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine

No

n (%)

Yes

n (%)

OR (95% CI)

p-value

aOR (95% CI)

p-value

Socio-demographics

Age

  18-25 years

111 (45.9)

217 (33.3)

1.173 (0.652-2.11)

0.594

1.148 (0.596-2.211)

0.680

  26-35 years

73 (30.2)

266 (40.8)

2.186 (1.2-3.983)

0.011

2.068 (1.072-3.99)

0.030

  36-45 years

37 (15.3)

134 (20.6)

2.173 (1.132-4.171)

0.02

1.715 (0.847-3.472)

0.134

  > 45 years

21 (8.7)

35 (5.4)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Sex

  Male

107 (44.2)

337 (51.7)

1.35 (1.003-1.816)

0.047

1.439 (1.044-1.985)

0.026

  Female

135 (55.8)

315 (48.3)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Marital status

  Unmarried

126 (52.1)

385 (59)

3.565 (1.607-7.909)

0.002

2.057 (0.847-4.993)

0.111

  Married

102 (42.1)

255 (39.1)

2.917 (1.305-6.521)

0.159

2.299 (0.953-5.545)

0.064

  Divorced

14 (5.8)

12 (1.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Education level

  Bachelor

112 (46.3)

388 (59.5)

2.162 (1.549-3.018)

<0.001

1.701 (1.169-2.476)

0.006

  Master's and above

37 (15.3)

115 (17.6)

1.94 (1.234-3.049)

0.004

1.414 (0.859-2.327)

0.173

  Intermediate or below

93 (38.4)

149 (22.9)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Monthly family income

  < 20000

58 (24)

133 (20.4)

0.779 (0.516-1.177)

0.236

  20000-30000

53 (21.9)

140 (21.5)

0.898 (0.591-1.363)

0.613

  30000-40000

62 (25.6)

176 (27)

0.965 (0.648-1.437)

0.86

  > 40000

69 (28.5)

203 (31.1)

Reference

   

Number of children in the family

  0

124 (51.2)

319 (48.9)

1.029 (0.72-1.47)

0.875

  1

54 (22.3)

173 (26.5)

1.281 (0.841-1.953)

0.248

  ≥2

64 (26.4)

160 (24.5)

Reference

   

Place of residence

  Urban

168 (69.4)

532 (81.6)

1.953 (1.393-2.737)

<0.001

1.687 (1.16-2.454)

0.006

  Rural

74 (30.6)

120 (18.4)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Health status, COVID-19 experience, and vaccination-related information

Self-rated health status

  Good

146 (60.3)

487 (74.7)

1.941 (1.42-2.652)

<0.001

1.713 (1.215-2.417)

0.002

  Poor

96 (39.7)

165 (25.3)

Reference

 

Reference

 

History of chronic disease

  No

162 (66.9)

484 (74.2)

1.423 (1.033-1.96)

0.031

1.187 (0.817-1.724)

0.369

  Yes

80 (33.1)

168 (25.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Ever tested for COVID-19

  Yes

61 (25.2)

158 (24.2)

0.949 (0.675-1.335)

0.764

  No

181 (74.8)

494 (75.8)

Reference

   

Ever diagnosed with COVID-19

  Yes

46 (19)

121 (18.6)

0.971 (0.666-1.415)

0.878

  No

196 (81)

531 (81.4)

Reference

   

Family member/friend ever infected by COVID-19

  Yes

70 (28.9)

165 (25.3)

0.833 (0.599-1.157)

0.275

  No

172 (71.1)

487 (74.7)

Reference

   

Impact of COVID-19 on daily life

  Severea

90 (37.2)

263 (40.3)

1.142 (0.842-1.548)

0.392

  Littleb

152 (62.8)

389 (59.7)

Reference

   

Impact of COVID-19 on studies/work

  Severea

122 (50.4)

348 (53.4)

1.126 (0.838-1.513)

0.431

  Littleb

120 (49.6)

304 (46.6)

Reference

   

Impact of COVID-19 on physical/mental health

  Severea

100 (41.3)

298 (45.7)

1.195 (0.887-1.611)

0.242

  Littleb

142 (58.7)

354 (54.3)

Reference

   

COVID-19 vaccination is an effective way to prevent and control COVID-19

  Yes

161 (66.5)

543 (83.3)

2.506 (1.789-3.511)

<0.001

2.172 (1.486-3.176)

<0.001

  No

81 (33.5)

109 (16.7)

Reference

   

Doctor’s recommendation is an important factor in vaccination decision-making

  Yes

200 (82.6)

597 (91.6)

2.279 (1.479-3.512)

<0.001

1.549 (0.938-2.557)

0.087

  No

42 (17.4)

55 (8.4)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Previous refusals to get any type of vaccination

  No

192 (79.3)

536 (82.2)

1.203 (0.831-1.743)

0.327

  Yes

50 (20.7)

116 (17.8)

Reference

   

Perceived stigma of COVID-19

If I had COVID-19, I would be embarrassed

  Agreec

64 (26.4)

168 (25.8)

0.965 (0.69-1.35)

0.837

  Disagreed

178 (73.6)

484 (74.2)

Reference

   

If I had COVID-19, people would think badly of me

  Agreec

66 (27.3)

164 (25.2)

0.896 (0.642-1.251)

0.520

  Disagreed

176 (72.7)

488 (74.8)

Reference

   

If I had COVID-19, people would treat me differently.

  Agreec

80 (33.1)

196 (30.1)

0.87 (0.635-1.194)

0.389

  Disagreed

162 (66.9)

456 (69.9)

Reference

   

If I had COVID-19, I would not tell anyone

  Agreec

46 (19)

96 (14.7)

0.736 (0.499-1.084)

0.120

  Disagreed

196 (81)

556 (85.3)

Reference

   

Perceived susceptibility of contracting COVID-19

My chance of getting COVID-19 in the next few months is high

  Agreec

61 (25.2)

165 (25.3)

1.005 (0.716-1.412)

0.976

  Disagreed

181 (74.8)

487 (74.7)

Reference

   

I am worried about the likelihood of getting COVID 19

  Agreec

93 (38.4)

313 (48)

1.479 (1.095-1.999)

0.011

1.403 (1.001-1.967)

0.049

  Disagreed

149 (61.6)

339 (52)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Getting COVID-19 is currently a possibility for me

  Agreec

80 (33.1)

217 (33.3)

1.01 (0.738-1.382)

0.950

  Disagreed

162 (66.9)

435 (66.7)

Reference

   

Perceived severity of COVID-19

Complications from COVID-19 are serious

  Agreec

123 (50.8)

289 (44.3)

0.77 (0.573-1.035)

0.084

  Disagreed

119 (49.2)

363 (55.7)

Reference

   

I will be very sick if I get infected with COVID-19

  Agreec

104 (43)

261 (40)

0.886 (0.657-1.194)

0.426

  Disagreed

138 (57)

391 (60)

Reference

   

I will be very afraid if I become infected with COVID-19

  Agreec

107 (44.2)

294 (45.1)

1.036 (0.77-1.394)

0.815

  Disagreed

135 (55.8)

358 (54.9)

Reference

   

Perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination

Vaccination is a good idea because I feel less worried about catching COVID-19

  Agreec

78 (32.2)

251 (38.5)

1.316 (0.963-1.799)

0.085

  Disagreed

164 (67.8)

401 (61.5)

Reference

   

Vaccination decreases my chance of getting COVID-19 or its complications

  Agreec

85 (35.1)

293 (44.9)

1.507 (1.11-2.047)

0.009

1.15 (0.787-1.681)

0.47

  Disagreed

157 (64.9)

359 (55.1)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Perceived barriers of COVID-19 vaccination

I am worried the possible side-effects of COVID-19 vaccination would interfere with my usual activities

  Agreec

112 (46.3)

303 (46.5)

1.008 (0.75-1.355)

0.959

  Disagreed

130 (53.7)

349 (53.5)

Reference

   

I am concerned about the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination

  Agreec

124 (51.2)

346 (53.1)

1.076 (0.801-1.446)

0.627

  Disagreed

118 (48.8)

306 (46.9)

Reference

   

I am concerned about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccination

  Agreec

127 (52.5)

356 (54.6)

1.089 (0.81-1.464)

0.572

  Disagreed

115 (47.5)

296 (45.4)

Reference

   

I am concerned about the affordability (high cost of the vaccine) of getting the COVID-19 vaccination

  Agreec

131 (54.1)

319 (48.9)

0.812 (0.604-1.091)

0.167

  Disagreed

111 (45.9)

333 (51.1)

Reference

   

I am concerned about faulty/fake COVID-19 vaccines

  Agreec

147 (60.7)

392 (60.1)

0.974 (0.72-1.318)

0.866

  Disagreed

95 (39.3)

260 (39.9)

Reference

   

Cues to action

I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if I am given adequate information about it

  Agreec

148 (61.2)

453 (69.5)

1.446 (1.063-1.966)

0.019

0.954 (0.643-1.415)

0.814

  Disagreed

94 (38.8)

199 (30.5)

Reference

 

Reference

 

I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine is taken by many in the public

  Agreec

125 (51.7)

380 (58.3)

1.308 (0.972-1.759)

0.076

  Disagreed

117 (48.3)

272 (41.7)

Reference

   
  1. OR Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval, aOR Adjusted Odds Ratios, BDT Bangladeshi Taka
  2. aVery severe/ severe
  3. bVery little/ little/ fair
  4. cStrongly agree/ agree
  5. dStrongly disagree/ disagree/ not sure