Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients according to virological suppression status

Age category (N = 250)

1.1

0.576

 < 5 years

30 (12.0)

16 (53.3)

14 (46.7)

 5 to < 10 years

72 (28.8)

44 (61.1)

28 (38.9)

 10 to 15 years

148 (59.2)

94 (63.5)

54 (36.5)

Sex of child (N = 250)

4.43

0.035*

 Female

117 (46.8)

64 (54.7)

53 (45.3)

 Male

133 (53.2)

90 (67.7)

43 (32.3)

Primary caregiver relationship to subject (N = 250)

2.15

0.499

 Mother

115 (46.0)

45 (39.1)

70 (60.9)

 Father

25 (10.0)

12 (48.0)

13 (52.0)

 Guardian

110 (44.0)

50 (45.5)

60 (54.5)

Educational status of father (N = 192)

4.16

0.527

 None

19 (9.9)

11 (57.9)

8 (42.1)

 Basic (Primary/JHS/Middle)

65 (33.9)

36 (40.0)

29(60.0)

 Secondary

82 (42.7)

53 (64.6)

29 (35.4)

 Tertiary

26 (13.5)

19 (73.1)

7 (26.9)

Educational status of mother (N = 168)

1.27

0.938

 None

27 (16.1)

15 (55.6)

12 (44.4)

 Basic (Primary/JHS/Middle)

94 (56.0)

59 (64.0)

35 (36.0)

 Secondary

36 (21.4)

23 (63.9)

13 (36.1)

 Tertiary

11 (6.5)

8 (72.7)

3 (27.3)

Occupational class of father (N = 192)

Φ

0.541

 Professional

2 (1.0)

2 (62.5)

0 (37.5)

 Other

187 (97.4)

115 (61.5)

72 (38.5)

 Unemployed

3 (1.6)

2 (76.5)

1 (23.5)

Occupational class of mother (N = 168)

Φ

0.73

 Professional

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 Other

151 (60.4)

90 (59.5)

61 (40.5)

 Unemployed

17 (6.8)

11 (66.7)

6 (33.3)

HIV status of father (N = 250)

1.83

0.401

 Negative

105 (42)

62 (59.0)

43 (41.0)

 Positive

62 (24.8)

36 (58.1)

26 (41.9)

 Unknown

83 (33.2)

56 (67.5)

27 (32.5)

HIV status of mother (N = 250)

1.97

0.373

 Negative

10 (4)

8 (80.0)

2 (20.0)

 Positive

157 (62.8)

98 (62.4)

59 (37.6)

 Unknown

83 (33.2)

48 (57.8)

35 (42.2)

 TB treatment in the past (N = 250)

2.74

0.098

  No

179 (71.6)

116 (64.8)

63 (35.2)

  Yes

71 (28.4)

38 (53.5)

33 (46.5)

 WHO stage at ART initiation (N = 250)

1.82

0.611

  Stage 1

97 (38.8)

64 (66.0)

33 (34.)

  Stage 2

68 (27.2)

42 (61.8)

26 (38.3)

  Stage 3

63 (25.2)

35 (55.6)

28 (44.4)

  Stage 4

22 (8.8)

13 (59.1)

9 (40.9)

 Baseline VL (N = 74)

Φ

0.751

  < 10,000

30 (40.5)

22 (73.3)

8 (26.7)

  10,000 to 99,999

22 (29.7)

13 (60.0)

9 (40.0)

  100,000 to 499,999

12 (16.2)

8 (66.7)

4 (33.3)

  > 499,999

10 (13.5)

7 (70.0)

3 (30.0)

 Baseline CD4⁺ Immune suppression status (overall) (N = 225)

1.36

0.71

  Severe

35 (15.6)

23 (65.7)

12 (34.3)

  Advanced

25 (11.1)

17 (68.0)

8 (32.0)

  Mild

18 (8.0)

12 (66.7)

6 (33.3)

  none

147 (65.3)

90 (61.2)

57 (38.8)

 CD4⁺ Immune suppression status at study recruitment (overall) (N = 230)

Φ

< 0.001*

  Severe

24 (10.4)

7 (29.2)

16 (66.7)

  Advanced

18 (7.8)

1 (38.9)

11 (61.1)

  Mild

23 (10.0)

12 (52.1)

11 (47.8)

  normal

165 (71.7)

115 (73.3)

44 (26.7)

 Duration of ART (N = 250)

2.15

0.828

  < 12 months

32 (12.8)

17 (53.1)

15 (46.9)

  12–23 months

31 (12.4)

19 (61.2)

12 (38.8)

  24–36 months

23 (9.2)

15 (65.2)

8 (34.8)

  36–47 months

20 (8.0)

13 (65.0)

7 (35.0)

  49–50 months

19 (7.6)

10 (52.6)

9 (47.4)

  > 59 months

125 (50.0)

80 (64.0)

45 (36.0)

 Current ART regimen (N = 250)

5.32

0.07

  Nevirapine based

68 (27.2)

34 (50)

34(50.0)

  Efavirenz based

173 (69.2)

114 (65.9)

59 (34.1)

  Second line drug

9 (3.6)

6 (66.7)

3 (33.3)

  Adherence (Pill count percentage rate) (N = 250)

7.99

0.018*

  Poor adherence (85%)

58 (23.2)

29 (50)

29 (50.0)

  Fair adherence (85–94%)

41 (16.4)

32 (78.0)

9 (22.0.)

  Good adherence (≥ 95%)

151 (60.4)

93 (61.6)

58 (38.4)

 Person responsible for child’s medication (N = 250)

4.55

0.336

  Mother only

132 (52.8)

82 (62.1)

50 (37.9)

  Father only

25 (10.0)

13 (52.0)

12 (48.0)

  Both parents

12 (4.8)

5 (41.7)

7 (58.3)

  Grandparents

34 (13.6)

9 (26.5)

25(73.5)

  Others

47 (18.8)

11 (23.4)

36 (76.6)